Method of manufacturing a laminated packaging material, the packaging material obtained by the method and packaging containers manufactured therefrom

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing of a laminated cellulose-based liquid or semi-liquid food packaging material, wherein the laminated packaging material has a bulk material layer comprising a low-density cellulose spacer layer, an outside module comprising a substrate layer having a print surface and an inside material module comprising a barrier layer or barrier coating. The invention further relates the laminated packaging materials obtained by the method and to a packaging container for liquid food packaging, comprising the laminated packaging material or being made from the laminated packaging material obtained by the method.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/779,205 filed May 25, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No.10,759,155, which is a U.S. national stage application based onInternational Patent Application No. PCT/EP2016/078754 filed Nov. 25,2016, and claims priority to European Patent Application No. 15196871.6filed on Nov. 27, 2015, the entire content of all three of which isincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a, laminated packaging material and toa method for manufacturing the laminated packaging material.

Furthermore, the invention relates to packaging containers comprisingthe laminated packaging material or being made of the laminatedpackaging material. In particular, the invention relates to packagingcontainers intended for liquid food packaging, comprising the laminatedpackaging material.

BACKGROUND

Packaging containers of the single use disposable type for liquid foodsare often produced from a packaging laminate based on paperboard orcarton. One such commonly occurring packaging container is marketedunder the trademark Tetra Brik Aseptic® and is principally employed foraseptic packaging of liquid foods such as milk, fruit juices etc., soldfor long term ambient storage. The packaging material in this knownpackaging container is typically a laminate comprising a bulk layer ofpaper or paperboard and outer, liquid-tight layers of thermoplastics. Inorder to render the packaging container gas-tight, in particular oxygengas-tight, for example for the purpose of aseptic packaging andpackaging of milk or fruit juice, the laminate in these packagingcontainers normally comprises at least one additional layer, mostcommonly an aluminium foil.

On the inside of the laminate, i.e. the side intended to face the filledfood contents of a container produced from the laminate, there is aninnermost layer, applied onto the aluminium foil, which innermost,inside layer may be composed of one or several part layers, comprisingheat sealable thermoplastic polymers, such as adhesive polymers and/orpolyolefins. Also on the outside of the bulk layer, there is anoutermost heat sealable polymer layer.

The packaging containers are generally produced by means of modern,high-speed packaging machines of the type that form, fill and sealpackages from a web or from prefabricated blanks of packaging material.Packaging containers may thus be produced by reforming a web of thelaminated packaging material into a tube by both of the longitudinaledges of the web being united to each other in an overlap joint bywelding together the inner- and outermost heat sealable thermoplasticpolymer layers. The tube is filled with the intended liquid food productand is thereafter divided into individual packages by repeatedtransversal seals of the tube at a predetermined distance from eachother below the level of the contents in the tube. The packages areseparated from the tube by incisions along the transversal seals and aregiven the desired geometric configuration, normally parallelepipedic orcuboid, by fold formation along prepared crease lines in the packagingmaterial.

The main advantage of this continuous tube-forming, filling and sealingpackaging method concept is that the web may be sterilised continuouslyjust before tube-forming, thus providing for the possibility of anaseptic packaging method, i.e. a method wherein the liquid content to befilled as well as the packaging material itself are reduced frombacteria and the filled packaging container is produced under cleanconditions such that the filled package may be stored for a long timeeven at ambient temperature, without the risk of growth ofmicro-organisms in the filled product. Another important advantage ofthe Tetra Brik®-type packaging method is, as stated above, thepossibility of continuous high-speed packaging, which has considerableimpact on cost efficiency.

Packaging containers for sensitive liquid food, for example milk orjuice, can also be produced from sheet-like blanks or prefabricatedblanks of the laminated packaging material of the invention. From atubular blank of the packaging laminate that is folded flat, packagesare produced by first of all building the blank up to form an opentubular container capsule, of which one open end is closed off by meansof folding and heat-sealing of integral end panels. The thus closedcontainer capsule is filled with the food product in question, e.g.juice, through its open end, which is thereafter closed off by means offurther folding and heat-sealing of corresponding integral end panels.An example of a packaging container produced from sheet-like and tubularblanks is the conventional so-called gable-top package. There are alsopackages of this type which have a moulded top and/or screw cap made ofplastic.

The layer of an aluminium foil in the packaging laminate provides gasbarrier properties quite superior to most polymeric gas barriermaterials. The conventional aluminium-foil based packaging laminate forliquid food aseptic packaging is still the most cost-efficient packagingmaterial, at its level of performance, available on the market today.

Any other material to compete with such foil-based materials must becost-efficient regarding raw materials, have comparable food preservingproperties, be sufficiently mechanically stable and have a comparablylow complexity in the converting into a finished packaging laminate.

Decreasing the costs of today's packaging material further, can be madeby down-gauging the thickness of the polymer layers or by seeking toreplace the aluminium foil barrier by one or more different barrierlayers, which has proven to be quite a challenge. A different way ofsaving costs, which has hitherto not been seen as practical in the fieldof liquid carton packaging, would be by down-gauging the cellulose-basedbulk layer by type and/or amount of cellulose fibre material. Itnormally leads to the important properties of mechanical strength andpackaging integrity, as well as material barrier properties, beingjeopardized and has previously been considered as a less favourable wayforward. The paperboard is a major part of liquid carton packagingmaterial, however also representing a major part of the total packagingmaterial costs.

A further requirement on future laminated packaging materials for liquidpackaging containers is that the appearance of such packaging containersshould be possible to differentiate to a higher degree, i.e. byproviding new, interesting and appealing decorative or tactile featuresto attract consumers and retailers. Such features are for example,background effects to printed décor patterns such as gold metallisationor other different shiny colours, embossing and engraving features suchas hologram decorations, tactile or relief surface effects, matte/glossysurfaces, etc. The increasing desire for such differentiation options isa challenge, since additions of features and materials normally,automatically entail higher costs of raw materials and/or manufacturingprocesses.

SUMMARY

It is now, considering the above, an object of the present invention torealise a new way of reducing costs of laminated cellulose-based liquid-or semi-liquid food packaging materials.

It is also a general object of the invention to provide a method ofmanufacturing at lower cost laminated cellulose-based packaging materialhaving sufficient mechanical stability as well as good barrier andintegrity properties, which fulfil the needs in liquid carton laminatedpackaging materials.

It is another object of the invention to provide a low-cost suchlaminated packaging material having an increased content of materialsbased on biological and renewable materials, i.e. from sources notexploiting fossile raw materials.

A yet further object, is to provide a method of manufacturing alaminated cellulose-based packaging material based on a down-gauged bulkor core layer, which has inadequate mechanical performance for liquidpackaging material as it is currently designed and produced, incomparison to conventional liquid packaging paperboard, such as reducedbending stiffness or lower bending stiffness.

It is a particular object of the invention to provide a cost-efficient,non-foil, cellulose-based and heat-sealable packaging laminate havingoptimal compression strength and bending stiffness, for the purpose ofmanufacturing aseptic packaging containers for long-term storage ofliquid foods at maintained nutritional quality under ambient conditions.

A still further, particular object is to provide such a packaginglaminate without moisture curling problems, i.e. with edges of the webof the laminated packaging material staying flat and at level with therest of the packaging material web or blank.

Another particular object is to provide such packaging laminates withdecorative and tactile differentation options that are additional toconventional printed décor options, such that a choice of attractivedécor- and surface-effects of the laminated packaging material areenabled, while still avoiding increased costs.

It is thus an object, to enable cost-efficient differentiation of theoutside layers of a lamianted packaging material, i.e. the layers whichwill attract and appeal to consumers, on the outside of a packagingcontainer. Such outside layers may according to the method of theinvention easily be swapped, such that different decorative and/ortactile features may be laminated into the material, according todifferent desires among dairy and filler customers, consumers andretailers. Such customisation makes it possible to produce separate,shorter series of differently decorated and tailor-made packagingmaterials, without creating stoppages, waste and logistics problems inthe main stream of the material manufacturing line.

It is also an object, to correspondingly enable differentiationopportunities regarding the inside barrier materials in order to matchdifferent food product needs, by increasing the degree of freedom of howto swap or add material layers between inside and outside materialmodules, while still reaching the required mechanical properties of thetotal packaging laminate.

Some or all of these objects are thus attainable according to thepresent invention by the method of manufacturing the laminated packagingmaterial, the packaging material obtained by the method as well as apackaging container made therefrom, as defined in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following, preferred embodiments of the invention will bedescribed with reference to the drawings, of which:

FIG. 1a is showing a schematic, cross-sectional view of a laminatedpackaging material of a three-modular laminate type, according to anembodiment of the invention,

FIG. 1b shows a schematic, cross-sectional view of a further embodimentof a laminated packaging material of a three-modular laminate type,

FIG. 1c shows a schematic, cross-sectional view of yet a furtherembodiment of a laminated packaging material of a three-modular laminatetype,

FIG. 1d shows a schematic, cross-sectional view of another furtherembodiment of a laminated packaging material of a three-modular laminatetype,

FIG. 2a shows schematically an example of a method, for laminating andoutside (or inside) material module to the bulk material in accordancewith the invention,

FIG. 2b shows schematically an example of a different method, forlaminating an inside (or outside) material module to the bulk material,in accordance with the invention,

FIG. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d show typical examples of packaging containersproduced from the laminated packaging material according to theinvention,

FIG. 4 shows the principle of how packaging containers may bemanufactured from the packaging laminate in a continuous, roll-fed,form, fill and seal process,

FIG. 5 is a diagram which shows how the curling problem varies withdifferent examples of symmetric and non-symmetric laminated layerstructures,

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing how the compression strength varies withdifferent laminated material layer structures and is at its optimalvalue when there are symmetrical paper facing layers arranged on bothsides of the spacer layer,

FIG. 7 shows how bending stiffnesses can vary with some exemplarysandwich structures within laminated packaging materials, and

FIG. 8 illustrates the resulting thickness reduction after laminating abulk layer having a spacer layer of a foamed cellulose of low densities.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

With the term “long-term storage” in connection with the presentinvention, is meant that the packaging container should be able topreserve the qualities of the packed food product, i.e. nutritionalvalue, hygienic safety and taste, at ambient conditions for at least 1or 2 months, such as at least 3 months, preferably longer, such as 6months, such as 12 months, or more.

With the term “package integrity”, is generally meant the packagedurability, i.e. the resistance to leakage or breakage of a packagingcontainer. A main contribution to this property is that within apackaging laminate there is provided good internal adhesion betweenadjacent layers of the laminated packaging material. Anothercontribution comes from the material resistance to defects, such aspinholes, ruptures and the like within the material layers, and yetanother contribution comes from the strength of the sealing joints, bywhich the material is sealed together at the formation of a packagingcontainer. Regarding the laminated packaging material itself, theintegrity property is thus mainly focused on the adhesion of therespective laminate layers to its adjacent layers, as well as thequality of the individual material layers.

The term “liquid or semi-liquid food” generally refers to food productshaving a flowing content that optionally may contain pieces of food.Dairy and milk, soy, rice, grains and seed drinks, juice, nectar, stilldrinks, energy drinks, sport drinks, coffee or tea drinks, coconutwater, tea drinks, wine, soups, jalapenos, tomatoes, sauce (such aspasta sauce), beans and olive oil are some non-limiting example of foodproducts contemplated.

The term “aseptic” in connection with a packaging material and packagingcontainer refers to conditions where microorganisms are eliminated,in-activated or killed. Examples of microorganisms are bacteria andspores. Generally an aseptic process is used when a product isaseptically packed in a packaging container.

The term “heat-sealing” refers to the process of welding one surface ofa thermoplastic material to another thermoplastic surface. Aheat-sealable material should, under the appropriate conditions such asapplying sufficient heating and pressure, be able to generate a sealwhen pressed against and in contact with another suitable thermoplasticmaterial. Suitable heating can be achieved by induction heating orultrasonic heating or other conventional contact or convection heatingmeans, e.g. hot air.

With the term “bulk layer” is normally meant the thickest layer or thelayer containing the most material in a multilayer laminate, i.e. thelayer which is contributing most to the mechanical properties and thedimensional stability of the laminate and of packaging containers foldedfrom the laminate. In the context of the present invention, it may alsomean the layer providing a greater thickness distance in a sandwichstructure, which further interacts with stabilising facing layers, whichhave a higher Young's modulus, on each side of the bulk layer, in orderto achieve sufficient such mechanical properties and dimensionalstability.

A “spacer layer” is a layer that creates a distance or space betweensignificantly thinner material layers, which have a higher Young'smodulus and density, such as a high-density, high-tensile stiffnesspaper layer, foil or film, arranged on each side of the spacer layer,i.e. stiffness- and stability-providing layers, so-called facing layers.The spacer layer has a lower or reduced inherent bending stiffness andthus does not itself contribute directly to the bending stiffness of alaminated packaging material. Indirectly, it may contribute very much,however, by the interaction with adjacent or laminated layers on bothsides, some of the layers having a higher Young's modulus but a lowerthickness in comparison to the spacer layer. In a sandwich construction,it is important that there is at least one such facing layer, orstiffness-enhancing layer on each side of the spacer layer. When thespacer layer has very low density and is not contributing itself by anybending stiffness property, one facing layer on each side of the spacerlayer is needed. When the distance between the paper facing layers isincreased, also the flexural strength and bending stiffness of thelaminated sandwich structure will be increased. A “bulk layer” maycomprise a “spacer layer” and a further combined or integrated layerwithin the bulk, but may also be the same as a spacer layer.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a methodfor manufacturing a laminated cellulose-based liquid or semi-liquid foodpackaging material, for heat sealing into packages having sufficientmechanical strength and barrier properties, as well as an attractiveoutside appearance, comprising the steps of

a) providing a web of a center module bulk material comprising alow-density cellulose spacer layer, which has no or low inherent bendingstiffness with a density below 850 kg/m³ and a gram mage from 60 to 250g/m²,

b) providing a web of an outside material module, comprising at least aprint substrate layer with or without a decor printed or appliedthereon, the outside material module being intended for that side of thecenter module bulk material, which is to be directed to the outside of apackaging container made from the laminated packaging material,

c) laminating the outside of the web of the center module bulk materialand the web of the outside material module to each other,

d) adding the decor to the outside material module,

e) providing a web of an inside material module, comprising at least abarrier layer, the inside material module being intended for that sideof the bulk material, which is to be directed to the inside of apackaging container made from the laminated packaging material,

f) laminating the web of the inside material module and the inside ofthe web of the center module bulk material to each other,

g) applying an outermost, transparent and liquid-tight protective layeron the outside of the outside material module,

h) applying an outermost thermoplastic, liquid-tight and heat sealablelayer on the inside of the inside material module,

i) thus obtaining a web of the laminated cellulose-based liquid- orviscous-food packaging material, for further winding onto a reel,

wherein the spacer layer constitutes the center of a sandwich structurewithin the laminated packaging material, the sandwich structure havingat least one paper facing layer arranged on at least one side of thespacer layer and interacting with a further facing layer arranged on theother side of the spacer layer, the paper facing layer and the furtherfacing layer having significantly lower thickness but a higher Young'smodulus than the spacer layer.

The method steps may take place in any order, although the order aslisted above is considered favourable from a lamination set-uppoint-of-view.

The low-density cellulose spacer layer may have a density lower than 750kg/m³, such as below 700 kg/m³.

Furthermore, the spacer layer may have a bending stiffness which is atleast 30% lower than the bending stiffness of a liquid cartonpaperboard, of the Triplex or Duplex type, which has a correspondinggrammage, from 60 to 250 g/m², when excluding the printable coating(clay-coat) grammage.

Thus, suitable spacer layers have a bending stiffness being from 30 to100% lower than the bending stiffness of a liquid carton paperboard, ofthe Triplex or Duplex type, at a corresponding grammage when excludingthe printable coating (clay-coat) grammage.

According to a different embodiment, which is more favourable formaintaining the bending stiffness of the laminated packaging material,to be as high as possible up until the moment of re-shaping the flatpackaging material into fold formed packages, the outside and insidematerial modules should be pre-laminated in separate steps, and then belaminated to the center module comprising the spacer layer in a finalstep. In this way, the lamination operations and roller pressure appliedto the spacer layer will be as few and as low as possible. The idea isthus to minimize the time and magnitude of lamination pressure appliedto the center part of the material, such as a weaker, low-density spacerlayer material.

In a particular embodiment, an outside paper facing layer should befirst laminated to the bulk layer, in order to be pre-cut together whenmaking a pre-cut hole, opening or slit, such as a perforation, in thethicker, bulky parts of the material, as is today done in theconventional paperboard bulk layer. Such a pre-cut hole, opening or slitwill thus be encapsulated between laminate layers that are laminated insubsequent operations, including the inside layers and a paper facinglayer, a metal foil or a barrier-coated film.

There is a particular advantage by such a packaging laminate having apaper facing layer on the inside of the bulk layer, when the laminatehas a pre-cut hole in the bulk (and in the outside material facinglayer), in the improved openability of the laminated membrane consistingof the other laminate layers within the pre-cut hole region. An openingdevice, normally has a cutting or slitting feature such that themembrane across the pre-cut hole is cut or torn open whentwisting/turning the cap or screw cork, of the opening device, orpushing-through with a drinking straw. If there is too high cutting orslitting resistance in the laminated membrane the attached openingdevice of the package will become difficult to open, such as when verystrong polymer films or layers are used as material layers in themembrane. Also, if there is low adhesion between the layers of thelaminated membrane, there will be delamination and torn edges of thematerials, not looking very good after opening. When using paper facinglayer on the inside of the bulk layer, the laminated membrane will bemechanically stable and of high laminated quality, i.e. be without anyruptures or delaminations between the layers, before or after opening.In addition, if the paper facing layer is a high-density, compactsurface paper, such as a greaseproof paper, also being quite thin, it isparticularly easy to cut or slit open, and seems to have perfectproperties for such tearing or slitting or cutting openability. Thepaper provides stability to the membrane during lamination, thusresulting in a well laminated membrane, but also while cutting themembrane open by the opening device. Thus, the cut will be clean andprovide a clean cut edge and be easy to make without too high resistancewhen turning the screw cork open.

The laminated packaging material obtained by the method of the inventionis thus a three-modular sandwich material, comprising a cellulose-basedspacer layer and at least one mechanically stabilizing facing layer ofrelatively thin high-density paper layers on a side of the spacer layer,the laminate further comprising functional layers having various barrierproperties and heat sealing properties.

The spacer layer may according to an embodiment be a layer that createsa distance or space between significantly thinner material layers, whichhave a higher Young's modulus and density, such as a high-density paperlayer arranged on each side of the spacer layer, i.e. stiffness- andstability-providing layers, so-called facing layers. Further layers maybe arranged on the sides of the spacer layer, contributing to the totalsandwich construction, but according to this invention, we are mainlytalking about paper facing layers. The spacer layer may have a lower orno inherent bending stiffness and thus does not itself contributedirectly to the bending stiffness or strength of a laminated packagingmaterial. Indirectly, it may contribute very much, however, by theinteraction with adjacent or laminated layers on both sides, some of thelayers having a higher Young's modulus but a lower thickness incomparison to the spacer layer. In a sandwich construction, it isimportant that there is at least one such facing layer, orstiffness-enhancing layer on each side of the spacer layer. When thespacer layer has very low density and is not contributing itself by anybending stiffness property, one paper facing layer on each side of thespacer layer is needed. When the distance between the paper facinglayers is increased, also the mechanical strength and bending stiffnessof the laminated sandwich structure will be increased.

Suitable cellulose-based materials for spacer layers may be for exampleso-called foamed cellulose, i.e. foam-formed fibrous cellulose, which isa fibrous material, with tunable density, that can be manufactured by afoam forming process.

A bulk layer comprising foamed cellulose thus has a density lower than700 kg/m³, such as from 100 to 600 kg/m³, such as from 100 to 500 kg/m³,such as from 200 to 500 kg/m³, such as from 200 to 400 kg/m³, such asfrom 300 to 500 kg/m³, such as from 300 to 400 kg/m³. The lower thedensity of the foamed cellulose layer, the higher cost-efficiencyregarding raw materials consumed, while better resistance to thicknessreduction properties of a foamed cellulose was obtained at above 300kg/m³. According to an embodiment, the optimal density of foamedcellulose to be used in laminated packaging materials has been concludedto be from 300 to 500 kg/m³, in particular from 300 to 400 kg/m³.

Accordingly, the method of the invention enables the incorporation of afoamed cellulose bulk material into a laminated packaging materialsuitable for preparing packaging containers for food products,especially for liquid and semi-liquid food products. Lamination of sucha bulk layer to polymer layers may be carried out by melt extrusionoperations, like extrusion coating and extrusion lamination of thepolymer layers. The extrusion is generally done at high temperaturessuch as, in the case of molten low density polyethylenes, up to about330° C. Such temperatures have been shown not to become a major problemfor a bulk layer comprising foamed cellulose, contrary to the case ofbulk layers of other foamed polymer layers. The foamed cellulose isfairly thermally stable above 300° C. and has a low heat transfer, asopposed to foamed polymer layers in general, and foamed polyolefins inparticular. It has been seen that at relatively low densities of from300 to 400 kg/m³, foamed cellulose does not significantly lose thicknessin extrusion lamination operations, and maintains sufficientdelamination strength or so-called z-strength, for use in packaginglaminates for the purpose of the invention.

The bulk layer comprising foamed cellulose as described in aspects andembodiments herein, further provides the desired strength againstdelamination, i.e. it does not easily delaminate under standardconditions. The delamination strength can be determined by for examplethe Huygen Internal Bonding Energy testing device which follows TAPPIT569 and provides a value of J/m² where the packaging material herein isbetween 60-300 J/m², such as 60-250 J/m², such as 80-200 J/m², such as140-200 J/m². In some aspects and embodiments the bulk layer isproviding a distance between a barrier layer and an outermostthermoplastic decor layer, and is thereby enabling tailor-made laminatedpackaging material structures. In some embodiments the bulk layercomprising foamed cellulose provides delamination strength incombination with compression strength in the thickness (Z− or ZD)direction, and provides sufficient distance between the barrier layerand the decor layer.

Foamed cellulose can be generated by mixing cellulose fibers and afoaming fluid, such as water and optionally a surfactant such as sodiumdodecyl sulphate (SDS). The amount of the surfactant should be 0.1 w %to 20 w %, such as 0.5 w % to 10 w %, such as 1 w % to 5 w % such as 1.5w %-3 w %. A rotor mixer on a general foam-generator generates thefoamed cellulose. The foam is generally formed by bringing a gas intothe mixture. Air is an example of an appropriate gas. Another suitablegas is oxygen. Generally the gas is brought into the mixture bypressurized gas and by the vortex caused by stirring. Generally thecellulose is provided as a liquid dispersion comprising cellulosefibers. An example of liquid is water. Some examples of cellulose fibersare cellulose based fibers such as chemical pulp fibers,chemi-thermomechanical pulp fibers, thermo-mechanical pulp fibers, andKraft pulp fibers. The fibre dispersion may for example be added to thefoaming fluid after a foam has been generated by the fluid (includingthe surfactant). Optionally, the liquid dispersion comprising cellulosefibers may be combined with the foaming fluid prior to foaming. Anadditive, for controlling the consistency of the foam may be added, ifnecessary. The foamed cellulose generated as described herein is runthrough a nozzle arrangement (“headbox”) where pressure and formingtools generate a web of foamed cellulose which is rolled onto a reel,after at least partly drying, and stored before future use to preparefor example a packaging material. Optionally the foamed cellulose webcan be used in-line, i.e. directly applying additional layers in orderto transform the foamed cellulose web to a laminated packaging materialfor liquid or semi-liquid food packaging. Compared to traditional papermanufacturing, additional or modified drying may suitably be used inorder to achieve the desired dryness and density.

In some embodiments the foamed cellulose may be mixed with othermaterials, for example additives, and/or microfibrillar cellulose,and/or refined pulp, and/or strength chemicals or agents, such as starchand derivatives thereof, mannogalactans, carboxymethyl cellulose,melamine-formaldehyde colloids, urea-formaldehyde resins,polyimide-polyamine-epichlorhydrin resins.

Another example of a spacer layer is made from so-called container boardmaterial, which normally has a quite high density but a lower inherentbending stiffness, as well as other differences in mechanicalproperties, in comparison to conventional liquid packaging paperboard,such that the dimensional and mechanical stability and thus theintegrity and barrier properties of packages made from a laminate havinga bulk layer of such a material, would be deteriorated, when made byconventional manufacturing of a packaging laminate.

In particular, containerboard layers have a substantially lower bendingstiffness itself compared to a laminated packaging material suitable forliquid packaging. Generally, fluting materials have a higher bendingstiffness per grammage than linerboard materials.

Bending stiffness is not commonly measured on containerboard materials,since they were anyway intended for corrugated carton manufacturing, butit has been measured that such materials have a bending stiffness atleast 30%, such at least 40% such at least 50% lower, than the bendingstiffness of a liquid carton paperboard, at a corresponding grammagewhen excluding the printable coating (clay-coat) grammage.Containerboard still contributes to the total mechanical properties andbending stiffness of a laminated packaging material, however, by alsoproviding a distance layer in a sandwich construction between facinglayers, which have a higher Young's modulus, and by having highercompression strength properties in the in-plane (x-y) of the layer, thanconventional paperboard for liquid packaging.

Containerboard is also known as corrugated case material (CCM), and thematerials needed for a corrugated case material are a corrugated medium(or fluted medium) which is, in use, fluted (welled) and then arrangedby glueing between two flat linerboards or liner mediums. Such acorrugated construction provides a high sandwich structure bendingstiffness, due to the fluted intermediate layer, which is acting as adistance or spacer layer between the two, relatively thinner, linerlayers. The two types of paper that make up containerboard are thuslinerboard material, also commonly called Kraft liner or Test liner, andfluting (or corrugating medium) material.

The two types of paper that make up containerboard are linerboardmaterial and fluting (or corrugating medium) material. Sincecontainerboard is made mainly out of natural unbleached cellulosefibres, it is generally brown or beige, although its shade may varydepending on the type of cellulose. There are, however, also white toplinerboards, which have a white top layer on one surface and which arenormally more expensive materials.

Liner board normally has a density lower than 850 kg/m3, such as lowerthan 835 kg/m3, is brown or beige and comprises mainly softwood fibres,such as spruce and pine fibres.

Fluting is thus a paper product normally used as corrugating medium incorrugated container-paperboards, having a density from 600 to 750kg/m³, such as from 600 to 700 kg/m³, normally around 650 kg/m³. Flutingpaper is brown or beige and contains mostly short fibres, and isgenerally, just like linerboard, a very low-cost, low-quality paper,that is not in itself suitable for manufacturing of liquid cartonpackages. However, when used as a spacer layer in a sandwich structure,it may work well for the purpose, and at a substantially lower price, ifof an approved kind and combined in the right way with the right layersin such a packaging laminate.

The fluting medium would, however, form a spacer layer, which isnon-fluted, by being a lower-stiffness, lower-cost fibrous material thatmay provide sufficient distance in a sandwich construction for alaminated liquid carton packaging material. Fluted spacer layers, i.e.well-formed spacer layers, are not within the scope of the presentinvention. Corrugated carton materials would pose quite differenttechnical implications and requirements to liquid carton laminatedpackaging materials, and will not be dealt with here.

The fibres generally used in the manufacture of containerboard materialscan be broadly classified into two main types, recycled fibres and new,i.e. virgin fibres. The properties of paper are dependent on thestructural characteristics of the various fibres that compose the sheet.Generally speaking, the higher the content of virgin fibres, thestronger and stiffer (higher compression resistance) the fluting orlinerboard material will be. The fluting material that has been exploredfor the purpose of this invention is a semi-chemical fluting made of100% primary fibres made of hardwood, such as birch, from Powerflute.Birch is the optimal fluting raw material. Its structure contains highconcentrations of lignin and hemicellulose. The pulping processconserves the naturally highly hydrophobic lignin and modifies theremaining hemicellulose so that the soft and flexible cellulose core ofthe fibre is protected. This provides a higher stiffness and creepproperties. When used for liquid packaging, the available flutingmaterials on the market need to be complemented with one or moreadditional sizing agent during pulping or cellulose web manufacturing,in order to cope with the liquid and high-moisture conditions for thisnew use and application. Conventional sizing technologies and chemicals(AKD, ASA, rosin, etc.) can be used for the fluting material in order tomeet the necessary requirements for the specific product.

Linerboard made of virgin fibres, is called kraft liner, whereaslinerboard from recycled fibres is known as testliner. Also mixes ofvirgin and recycled fibres are possible. Kraft linerboard should have atleast 80 wt %, and preferably 100 wt % of virgin fibres. The fibres usedfor linerboard are longer than those used in fluting material, and sincelinerboard is originally intended for the outer, liner layers of acarton material, they are also sized with sizing agents in order towithstand different degrees of moisture and wet conditions.

Containerboard materials thus have lower bending stiffness thancorresponding paperboards for liquid packaging, but have, on the otherhand, a higher SCT index, i.e. a higher SCT value per grammage unit inthe machine direction (MD), than a normal liquid paperboard material, orthan other paper or cellulose materials that would be suitable in thiscontext. Containerboard in general have a bending stiffness which is atleast 30% lower than the bending stiffness of a liquid paperboard, whichhas a corresponding grammage, when excluding the printable coating(clay-coat) grammage. Generally, fluting materials have a higher bendingstiffness per grammage than linerboard materials.

The SCT value is a property measured by the international standardISO9895, and which is relied on to compare different containerboardmaterials with each other. The SCT or Short Compression Test measuresthe internal compression resistance of paper fibres, i.e. the in-planecompression strength of a paper, in CD and MD. This property varies withthe grammage of the specific paper measured on. Grammage of paperproducts is measured according to ISO 536.

Packages made from a material having a higher SCT index, have betterstackability, and it is thus a measurement of compression strength pergrammage in the in-plane (x-y plane) of a carton material.Containerboard materials normally have an SCT index of more than 30 Nm/gin MD, and would thus provide i.a. the required compression strength andstackability properties for a liquid paperboard laminate. Thesematerials do not need to be optimised regarding bending stiffnessproperties, since they will only be used as (non-fluted) spacer layersin laminated materials for liquid carton packaging. Thus, whereas suchlinerboard materials originally are intended for facing layers in acorrugated carton sandwich structure, they will for the purpose of thepresent invention be used as the spacer layer in a laminated structure,having further facing layers laminated on each side thereof, in order toprovide the required bending stiffness properties for liquid cartonlaminated materials.

For comparison, today's liquid paperboard materials have an SCT index ofabout 25 Nm/g, but are then also optimised regarding all otherproperties, since they are relied on as the main provider of dimensionalstability in liquid carton laminated packaging materials. When replacingtoday's optimised liquid paperboard with a low-cost spacer layer in asandwich structure in a laminate, such a spacer layer needs to have ahigher SCT index, of above 30 Nm/g, in order to compensate for the lossof properties when removing the state-of-the-art paperboard.

Since the new spacer layer will be laminated to further facing layers ina sandwich configuration in a laminate structure, there is no need toprovide a white or smooth (e.g. clay-coated) printing surface on thespacer layer itself. Also in that respect, the container board materialsare thus suitable materials for such a spacer layer.

Regarding moisture resistance, these materials may have a Cobb wateradsorption value of lower than 35 g/m2, in order to function better in aliquid carton packaging laminate. The Cobb value is measured accordingto ISO 535, and is fulfilled by most linerboard materials already, whilesome fluting materials may need additional sizing in order to be used asa non-fluted spacer layer in a liquid carton packaging laminate.Accordingly, a containerboard material in a bulk layer, comprises atleast one sizing additive.

In a further embodiment, the spacer layer may comprise a combination ofdifferent cellulose or paper types. If the spacer layer comprises foamedcellulose, the foamed cellulose part is at least 20%, such as at least25% such as at least 30%, such as at least 40% of the thickness of thebulk layer. The percentages may be determined by examining thecross-section of the packaging material in a microscope.

In another embodiment, the bulk layer may be mainly comprised of aspacer material layer, but in addition comprises one or two integratedpaper layer(s) having a relatively higher Young's modulus but lowerthickness than the spacer layer, in order to provide some flexuralstrength and bending stiffness to the finally produced laminatedmaterial.

The final laminated material may thus comprise at least one suchrelatively thinner and stiffer paper arranged on each side of the spacerlayer. With such an arrangement, the thinner and stiffer papers actsimilarly to flanges of an I-beam construction or to facing layers of asandwich construction, thus stabilizing the sandwich mechanically, e.g.regarding bending stiffness, and in-plane compression strength invarious directions within the material.

Suitable such paper facing layers may be found among thin Kraft papers,greaseproof papers or parchment papers. They should have a gram magefrom 20 to 100 g/m², such as from 30 to 70 g/m², such as from 30 to 60g/m² and a density from 600 to 1500 kg/m³.

Typically, the paper facing layers should have a Young's modulus from 1to 10 GPa such as from 5 to 10 GPa.

Paper facing layers may be included in the laminated material structurein different ways. For example, when the spacer layer has higher densityand inherent stiffness by itself, such as a containerboard materialspacer layer, the bulk material layer may comprise the containerboardmaterial layer and a thinner, stiffer or more high-density paper facinglayer on one side of the spacer layer. It may then be sufficient for thefinal laminated material to just have one such paper facing layer on oneside, and to have a less stabilizing facing layer of a differentmaterial such as an oriented plastics film, on the other side of thespacer layer. Alternatively, a paper facing layer may be included in oneof the in- or outside material modules to be laminated to the flutingmaterial layer.

The bending stiffness of a packaging material laminate may be derivedfrom the thicknesses and the Young's moduli of the individual layers.For balancing mechanical properties of a sandwich laminated materialstructure, the facing layers of the sandwich should be arranged on each,respective, side of the spacer layer, such that they have substantiallyequal extensional stiffness. The extensional stiffness is given by theproduct of Young's modulus and thickness. This may be regulated byvarying the thickness and the Young's modulus of the papers, and wherethere are more than one such paper facing layers on the one side of thespacer layer, it is possible to calculate the total bending stiffness ofthat particular combination of facing layers.

Various specific embodiments are conceivable according to the invention.The bulk material may comprise a spacer layer of fluting having adensity from 600 to 700 kg/m³, while the outside material modulecomprises a paper facing layer. Alternatively, the bulk material maycomprise a spacer layer and an integrated paper facing layer on theinside of the spacer layer, the spacer layer being so-called flutinghaving a density from 600 to 700 kg/m³.

By tailor-making the sandwich structure such that a thicker paper facinglayer on the outside can be separated from the spacer layer and at thesame time constitute a print substrate layer, which allowsdifferentiation of print background colour, texture and pattern, and anas thin as possible, but having a higher Young's modulus barrier coatingsubstrate paper for laminating in the inside material module, thebarrier coating process efficiency can also be increased, by usingthinner substrate and thus fewer substrate rolls in e.g. a vacuumcoating process. The asymmetry in paper facing layer properties may bebalance by other layers in the structure, such that symmetry vs thecenter line of the spacer layer still is obtained and curling may beavoided.

In an embodiment where the bulk layer comprises foamed cellulose, thefinal laminated material comprises one paper facing layer arranged oneach side of the spacer layer, in order to provide sufficient stabilityto the final laminated packaging material.

In an embodiment, the bulk material comprises a spacer layer and anintegrated paper facing layer on the first side (the inside) of thespacer layer, while the outside material module also comprises a paperfacing layer, to be laminated to the second side (the outside) of thebulk and spacer layer. In another embodiment, the bulk material layercomprises a spacer layer and an integrated, paper facing layer on thesecond side of the spacer layer, while the inside material module alsocomprises a paper facing layer, to be laminated to the first side of thebulk and spacer layer.

In a further embodiment, the bulk material comprises a spacer layer andone integrated, paper facing layer on each side of the spacer layer.

In a different embodiment, the bulk material comprises a spacer layer,or a combination of two or more different spacer layers, while the in-and outside material modules, to be laminated to the first and secondside of the bulk layer, comprise a paper facing layer each, or anoriented polymer film.

In a particular embodiment, the spacer layer is a fibrous layer made bya foam-forming process and has a grammage of 150 g/m² and a thickness of600 μm and has a high-density paper of a grammage of from 60 to 80, suchas 70, g/m² arranged on each side thereof.

According to an embodiment, the outside material module comprises apaper facing layer having a printable or printed surface directedtowards the outer side of the module, and is laminated to the outsidesurface of the bulk material by an intermediate bonding layer oradhesive.

In an another embodiment, the outside material module is a polymer filmhaving a printable or printed surface, the film being laminated to theoutside surface of the bulk material by an intermediate bonding layer oradhesive.

In a further embodiment, the outside material module comprises a polymerfilm having a printable or printed surface and a paper facing layer, towhich the polymer film is further laminated, the module being laminatedto the outside surface of the bulk material by an intermediate bondinglayer or adhesive.

By removing the decorative function of today's bulk layer, i.e. thewhite printable surface onto which a colour décor pattern may be printedas well as at least some of its bending stiffness, from the bulk layer,and instead laminating a low quality bulk layer to a separate printsubstrate layer on the outside of the bulk layer, greater flexibility inthe manufacturing process of differently appearing packaging laminatesmay be provided at a lower cost and at a shorter lead time from order todelivery. Accordingly, it becomes easier to change the outer appearanceof packaging containers, without affecting the manufacturing process orthe raw materials other than by merely exchanging the print substrateand the actual printed décor pattern. A print substrate layer may bewhite, brown, coloured, metallised etc. At the same time, mechanicallyand dimensionally stable packaging containers with a good appearancewill still be obtained, thanks to the sandwich effect of the layers ofthe laminate as a whole.

In an embodiment, the inside material module comprises a paper facinglayer having a barrier coating, and is laminated to the inside surfaceof the bulk material by an intermediate bonding layer or adhesive.

In another embodiment, the inside material module is a polymer filmhaving a barrier coating, the film being laminated to the inside surfaceof the bulk material by an intermediate bonding layer or adhesive.

In a further embodiment, the inside material module comprises a polymerfilm as well as a paper facing layer, to which the polymer film isfurther laminated, the film or the paper having a barrier coating, themodule being laminated to the inside surface of the bulk material by anintermediate bonding layer or adhesive.

In another embodiment, the inside material module comprises an aluminiumfoil.

Accordingly, also inside differentiation of the barrier functionalitiesmay be varied, depending on how to balance the center and outsidematerial modules, and depending on requirements of the food product tobe packed.

Suitable print substrate polymer films may be a stabilizing stretchedand pre-manufactured polymer film, selected from the group consisting offilms based on any of polyesters, such as polyethylene terephthalate(PET), oriented or non-oriented PET (OPET, BOPET), oriented ornon-oriented polyethylenefuranoate (PEF), oriented or non-orientedpolybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene napthanate (PEN),polyamides, such as, non-oriented or oriented polyamide (PA, OPA, BOPA),ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH), polyolefins such aspolypropylene, mono- or biaxially oriented polypropylene (PP, OPP,BOPP), polyethylenes such as oriented or non-oriented high densitypolyethylene (HDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) andcyclo-olefin co-polymers (COC), and blends of any of said polymers, or amultilayer film having a surface layer comprising any of said polymersor blends thereof.

In a further embodiment, the print substrate has a printable surfacewhich is a clay-coated white paper surface or a metallised film or papersurface.

The outside material module may be laminated to the bulk material byapplying an aqueous adhesive composition at an amount from 0.5 to 4,such as from 1 to 3 g/m² to one of the surfaces to be adhered to eachother, and subsequently pressing them together.

The inside material module may be laminated to the bulk material byapplying an aqueous adhesive composition at an amount from 0.5 to 4,such as from 1 to 3 g/m² to one of the surfaces to be adhered to eachother, and subsequently pressing them together.

The final laminated packaging material of the invention is normally notcontaining an aluminium foil as a barrier material. If an aluminium foilwere to be included in the first pre-laminated material on the firstside of the bulk layer, it would inherently add some stiffness andmechanical strength to the final sandwich structure, i.e. the finallaminated packaging material. Assuming, however, that future packagingmaterials aim for lower carbon dioxide consumption in manufacturing, andthereby for no or less content of aluminium barrier material, i.e. forso-called non-foil laminated packaging materials, a laminate based on abulk layer having a spacer layer comprising foamed cellulose ofsignificantly lower density and bending stiffness than today's liquidpackaging paperboard, the mechanically stabilizing paper facing layer oneach side of the spacer layer would be a better choice in the laminatedstructure. Furthermore, it has been seen that a symmetric arrangementwith a paper facing layer on each side of the spacer layer isadvantageous because it reduces the increase of curling of the laminatedpackaging material with increasing moisture content, and furtherimproves the compression strength of packaging containers made from thematerial, i.e. there will be fewer “buckled” packages from stackingpackaging containers on top of each other in transport and distributionon pallets.

In laminating the two webs of the in- and outside material modules tothe web of the bulk layer, different methods and laminating materialsmay be used. Melt extrusion lamination with an interjacent moltenthermoplastic bonding polymer has been mentioned above, and is a commonway of laminating two webs to each other. In an embodiment of theinvention, where the surfaces to be laminated to each other are allpaper or cellulose-based surfaces, there will be good resulting adhesionbetween the laminated surfaces. Some types of surfaces may require anoxidizing pre-treatment of the surface before adhering to the othersurface, or alternatively, or in addition, the bonding polymer to bemelt extruded may at least partly comprise an adhesive thermoplasticpolymer, i.e. a polymer having functional groups with affinity tovarious surface, normally carboxylic or maleic anhydride groups.

Suitable adhesive polymers for the bonding layers interior of thelaminated material, i.e. between an outer heat sealable layer and thebarrier- or primer-coated substrate layer, or for bonding the barrierfilm to the bulk layer in a mono- or multilayer such bonding laminatelayer, are the so-called adhesive thermoplastic polymers, such asmodified polyolefins, which are mostly based on LDPE or LLDPEco-polymers or, graft co-polymers with functional-group containingmonomer units, such as carboxylic or glycidyl functional groups, e.g.(meth)acrylic acid monomers or maleic anhydride (MAH) monomers, (i.e.ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) or ethylene methacrylic acidcopolymer (EMAA)), ethylene-glycidyl(meth)acrylate copolymer (EG(M)A) orMAH-grafted polyethylene (MAH-g-PE). Another example of such modifiedpolymers or adhesive polymers are so called ionomers or ionomerpolymers. Preferably, the modified polyolefin is an ethylene acrylicacid copolymer (EAA) or an ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer (EMAA).

Corresponding modified polypropylene-based thermoplastic adhesives orbonding layers may also be useful, depending on the requirements of thefinished packaging containers.

Such adhesive polymer layers or tie layers are normally applied togetherwith the respective outer layer or further bulk-to-barrier bondinglayers in a co-extrusion coating operation.

The adhesive may be applied as an aqueous adhesive solution orcomposition, and it is applied onto one of the surfaces to be laminatedto each other, and then joined with the other surface in a laminationstation, involving one or more lamination roller nips. Preferably, inorder to apply as little pressure to a weaker, low-density spacer layeras possible, there should be only one lamination nip in the laminationstation. It is possible, however, that several, consecutive nips may beadvantageous in some embodiments, by applying a lower nip pressure butin several consecutive roller nips, or in one extended nip, in order toenhance adhesion.

The laminated packaging materials may thus have a higher content offibres and materials from renewable resources, which is advantageousfrom an environmental point-of-view. Furthermore, by an increasedproportion of cellulose fibres in the material, it may become easier tohandle in recycling processes, in particular when also the proportionalamount of thermoplastic polymer layers and aluminium foil simultaneouslymay be decreased. This is for example one advantageous effect, whenlamination of cellulose-based modules may be done by aqueous adhesiveabsorption lamination, i.e. a lamination method wherein only a very lowamount of polymer adhesive is applied and binding the two surfaces to belaminated together, while the aqueous medium or solvent is absorbed intothe cellulose fiber network of the laminated layer(s) and no furtherdrying or heating is needed. Thus, while less thermoplastic bondingmaterial is needed, such as in melt extrusion lamination, the amount ofpaper or cellulose-based material layers is increased and furthermore,the barrier layers may be down-gauged, due to efficient combinations ofproperties of the various material layers included in the laminatedpackaging material.

Suitable thermoplastic polymers for the outermost and innermost heatsealable liquid-tight layers in the laminated packaging material of theinvention, are polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene homo-or co-polymers, preferably polyethylenes and more preferablypolyethylenes selected from the group consisting of low densitypolyethylene (LDPE), linear LDPE (LLDPE), single-site catalystmetallocene polyethylenes (m-LLDPE) and blends or copolymers thereof.According to a preferred embodiment, the outermost heat sealable andliquid-tight layer is an LDPE, while the innermost heat sealable,liquid-tight layer is a blend composition of m-LLDPE and LDPE foroptimal lamination and heat sealing properties. The outer- and innermostthermoplastic polymers layers may be applied by (co-)extrusion coatingof the molten polymer to a desired thickness. According to anotherembodiment, the outer- and/or innermost liquid-tight and heat sealablelayers may be applied in the form of pre-manufactured, oriented ornon-oriented films.

According to another embodiment, the outermost heat-sealable,liquid-tight and protective thermoplastic polymer layer may be appliedby means of an aqueous dispersion coating of a thermoplastic polymer,such as when only low thickness of such an outermost layer is desired,or when such a process is preferable for other reasons.

The same thermoplastic polyolefin-based materials, in particularpolyethylenes, as listed above regarding the outermost and innermostlayers, are also suitable in bonding layers interior of the laminatedmaterial, i.e. between a bulk or core layer, such as paper orpaperboard, and a pre-laminated material, including a barrier film oranother film layer.

Suitable barrier layers may thus involve a film or paper substratehaving a barrier coating, such as a dispersion coated or liquid filmcoated barrier coating, or a vapour deposited barrier coating.

A suitable film substrate for such barrier films may be a polymer filmselected from the group consisting of films based on any of polyesters,such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), oriented or non-oriented PET(OPET, BOPET), oriented or non-oriented polyethylenefuranoate (PEF),oriented or non-oriented polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylenenapthanate (PEN), polyamides, such as, non-oriented or orientedpolyamide (PA, OPA, BOPA), ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH),polyolefins such as polypropylene, mono- or biaxially orientedpolypropylene (PP, OPP, BOPP), polyethylenes such as oriented ornon-oriented high density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low densitypolyethylene (LLDPE) and cyclo-olefin co-polymers (COC), and blends ofany of said polymers, or a multilayer film having a surface layercomprising any of said polymers or blends thereof.

Barrier properties may be provided by a polymer layer or multilayer, ora film from one or more barrier polymers, while in other embodiments thepolymer of the film is only for the purpose of providing a substrate fora subsequently applied barrier coating. The most important barrierproperty in aseptic, long-term packaging, is the oxygen barrierproperty. Oxygen barrier properties may thus further be provided by thinliquid film coatings, for example barrier polymers that are coated inthe form of a dispersion or solution in a liquid medium or solvent, ontoa substrate, and subsequently dried into thin barrier coatings. It isimportant that the dispersion or solution is homogeneous and stable, toresult in an even coating with uniform barrier properties. Examples ofsuitable polymers for aqueous compositions are polyvinyl alcohols(PVOH), water-dispersible ethylene vinyl alcohols (EVOH) orpolysaccharide-based water-dispersible or dissolvable polymers. Suchdispersion coated or so called liquid film coated (LFC) layers may bemade very thin, down to tenths of a gram per m², and may provide highquality, homogenous layers, provided that the dispersion or solution ishomogeneous and stable, i.e. well prepared and mixed. PVOH has excellentoxygen barrier properties under dry conditions and also provides verygood odour barrier properties, i.e. capability to prevent odoursubstances from entering the packaging container from the surroundingenvironment, e.g. in a fridge or a storage room, which capabilitybecomes important at long-term storage of packages. Furthermore, suchliquid film coated polymer layers from water-dispersible or -dissolvablepolymers often provide good internal adhesion to adjacent layers, whichcontributes to good integrity of the final packaging container.

Suitably, the polymer is selected from the group consisting of vinylalcohol-based polymers, such as PVOH or water dispersible EVOH, acrylicacid or methacrylic acid based polymers (PAA, PMAA), polysaccharidessuch as for example starch or starch derivatives, cellulose nanofibrils(CNF), nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), chitosan or other cellulosederivatives, hemicelluloses, water dispersible polyvinylidenechloride(PVDC) or water dispersible polyesters, or combinations of two or morethereof.

More preferably, the polymer binder is selected from the groupconsisting of PVOH, water dispersible EVOH, acrylic acid or methacrylicacid based polymers (PAA, PMAA), polysaccharides such as for examplestarch or starch derivatives, chitosan or other cellulose derivatives,or combinations of two or more thereof.

Such barrier polymers are thus suitably applied by means of a liquidfilm coating process, i.e. in the form of an aqueous or solvent-baseddispersion or solution which, on application, is spread out to a thin,uniform layer on the substrate and thereafter dried.

Aqueous compositions generally have certain environmental advantages.Preferably, the liquid gas barrier composition is water-based, becausesuch composition usually have a better work environment friendlinessthan solvent-based systems, as well.

As briefly mentioned above, a polymer or compound with functionalcarboxylic acid groups may be included, in order to improve the watervapour and oxygen barrier properties of a PVOH coating. Suitably, thepolymer with functional carboxylic acid groups is selected from amongethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) and ethylene methacrylic acidcopolymers (EMAA) or mixtures thereof. One particularly preferredbarrier layer mixture consists of PVOH, EAA and an inorganic laminarcompound. The EAA copolymer is then included in the barrier layer in anamount of about 1-20 weight %, based on dry coating weight. Otherexamples of polymer binders providing oxygen barrier properties,suitable for liquid film coating, are the polysaccharides, in particularstarch or starch derivatives, such as preferably oxidised starch,cationic starch and hydroxpropylated starch. Examples of such modifiedstarches are hypochlorite oxidised potato starch (Raisamyl 306 fromRaisio), hydroxypropylated corn starch (Cerestar 05773) etc. However,also other starch forms and polysaccharide derivatives may provide gasbarrier properties at some level.

Most preferably, however, the gas barrier polymer is PVOH, because ithas all the good properties mentioned above, i.e. film formationproperties, gas barrier properties, cost efficiency, food compatibilityand odour barrier properties.

A PVOH-based gas barrier composition performs best when the PVOH has adegree of saponification of at least 98%, preferably at least 99%,although PVOH with lower degrees of saponification will also provideoxygen barrier properties.

According to an embodiment, the liquid composition additionallycomprises inorganic particles in order to further improve the oxygen gasbarrier properties.

The polymer binder material may for example be mixed with an inorganiccompound which is laminar in shape, or flake-formed. By the layeredarrangement of the flake-shaped inorganic particles, an oxygen gasmolecule has to migrate a longer way, via a tortuous path, through theoxygen barrier layer, than the normal straight path across a barrierlayer.

The inorganic laminar compound is a so-called nanoparticle compounddispersed to an exfoliated state, i.e. the lamellae of the layeredinorganic compound are separated from each other by means of a liquidmedium. Thus the layered compound preferably may be swollen or cleavedby the polymer dispersion or solution, which at dispersion haspenetrated the layered structure of the inorganic material. It may alsobe swollen by a solvent before added to the polymer solution or polymerdispersion. Thus, the inorganic laminar compound is dispersed to adelaminated state in the liquid gas barrier composition and in the driedbarrier layer. Preferred nano-particles are those of montmorillonite,such as purified montmorillonite or sodium-exchanged montmorillonite(Na-MMT). The nano-sized inorganic laminar compound or clay mineral mayhave an aspect ratio of 50-5000 and a particle size of up to about 5 μmin the exfoliated state.

Suitable inorganic particles mainly consist of such laminar bentoniteparticles having an aspect ratio of from 50 to 5000.

The barrier layer may include from about 1 to about 40 weight %, morepreferably from about 1 to about 30 weight % and most preferably fromabout 5 to about 20 weight %, of the inorganic laminar compound based ondry coating weight. If the amount is too low, the gas barrier propertiesof the coated and dried barrier layer will not be markedly improvedcompared to when no inorganic laminar compound is used. If the amount istoo high, the liquid composition will become more difficult to apply asa coating and more difficult to handle in storage tanks and conduits ofthe applicator system. Preferably, the barrier layer includes from about99 to about 60 weight %, more preferably from about 99 to about 70weight % and most preferably from about 95 to about 80 weight % of thepolymer based on the dry coating weight. An additive, such as adispersion stabiliser or the like, may be included in the gas barriercomposition, preferably in an amount of not more than about 1 weight %based on the dry coating. The total dry content of the composition ispreferably from 5 to 15 weight-%, more preferably from 7 to 12 weight-%.

According to a different preferred embodiment, the inorganic particlesmainly consist of laminar talcum particles having an aspect ratio offrom 10 to 500. The composition may comprise an amount of from 10 to 50weight-%, more preferably from 20 to 40 weight-% of the talcumparticles, based on dry weight. Below 20 weight-%, there is nosignificant increase in gas barrier properties, while above 50 weight-%,the coated layer may be more brittle and breakable because there is lessinternal cohesion between the particles in the layer. The polymer binderseems to be in too low an amount to surround and disperse the particlesand laminate them to each other within the layer. The total dry contentof such a liquid barrier composition from PVOH and talcum particles maybe between 5 and 25 weight-%.

Good oxygen barrier properties may be achieved when there is made use ofcolloidal silica particles, exhibiting a particle size of 3-150 nm,preferably 4-100 nm and even more preferred 5-70 nm, which particles arepreferably amorphous and spherical. The use of colloidal silicaparticles moreover has the advantage that the liquid barrier compositionmay be applied at a dry content of 15-40 weight %, preferably 20-35weight % and even more preferred 24-31 weight %, whereby the demand onforcible drying is decreased.

Alternatives of inorganic particles according to the invention areparticles of kaolin, mica, calcium carbonate etc.

The preferred polymer binder, also when employing inorganic particlesfor providing oxygen barrier properties, is PVOH, partly due to itsadvantageous properties mentioned above. In addition, PVOH isadvantageous from a mixing point of view, i.e. it is generally easy todisperse or exfoliate inorganic particles in an aqueous solution of PVOHto form a stable mixture of PVOH and particles, thus enabling a goodcoated film with a homogeneous composition and morphology.

The oxygen gas barrier layer may be applied at a total amount of from0.1 to 5 g/m², preferably from 0.5 to 3.5 g/m², more preferably from 0.5to 2 g/m², dry weight. Below 0.5 g/m², there will likely not be anyeffect of further filling and closing of a porous substrate surface andno gas barrier properties achieved at all, while above 5 g/m², thecoated layer will not bring cost-efficiency to the packaging laminate,due to high cost of barrier polymers in general and due to high energycost for evaporating off the liquid. A recognisable level of oxygenbarrier may be achieved by PVOH at 0.5 g/m² and above, and a goodbalance between barrier properties and costs is achieved between 0.5 and3.5 g/m².

The oxygen gas barrier layer may be applied in two consecutive stepswith intermediate drying, as two part-layers. When applied as twopart-layers, each layer is suitably applied in amounts from 0.1 to 2.5g/m², preferably from 0.5 to 1 g/m², and allows a higher quality totallayer from a lower amount of liquid gas barrier composition. The twopart-layers may be applied at an amount of from 0.5 to 2 g/m² each,preferably from 0.5 to 1 g/m² each.

Further barrier coatings may also be applied by means of physical vapourdeposition (PVD) or chemical vapour deposition (CVD) onto a substratesurface, such as a compact-surface paper substrate or a film material.The substrate material itself may contribute with some properties aswell, but should above all have appropriate surface properties, suitablefor receiving a vapour deposition coating, and should work efficientlyin a vapour deposition process.

Thin vapour deposited layers are normally merely nanometer-thick, i.e.have a thickness in the order of magnitude of nanometers, for example offrom 1 to 500 nm (50 to 5000 Å), preferably from 1 to 200 nm, morepreferably from 1 to 100 nm and most preferably from 1 to 50 nm.

One common type of vapour deposition coating, often having some barrierproperties, in particular water vapour barrier properties, is so calledmetallisation layers, e.g. aluminium metal physical vapour deposition(PVD) coatings.

Such a vapour deposited layer, substantially consisting of aluminiummetal may have a thickness of from 5 to 50 nm, which corresponds to lessthan 1% of the aluminium metal material present in an aluminium foil ofconventional thickness for packaging, i.e. 6.3 μm. While vapourdeposition metal coatings require significantly less metal material,they only provide a low level of oxygen barrier properties, at most, andneed to be combined with a further gas barrier material in order toprovide a final laminated material with sufficient barrier properties.On the other hand, it may complement a further gas barrier layer, whichdoes not have water vapour barrier properties, but which is rathersensitive to moisture.

Other examples of vapour deposition coatings are aluminium oxide (AlOx)and silicon oxide (SiOx) coatings. Generally, such PVD-coatings are morebrittle and less suitable for incorporation into packaging materials bylamination. Metallised layers as an exception do have suitablemechanical properties for lamination material despite being made by PVD,however generally providing a lower barrier to oxygen gas.

Other coatings which have been studied for laminated packaging materialsmay be applied by means of a plasma enhanced chemical vapour depositionmethod (PECVD), wherein a vapour of a compound is deposited onto thesubstrate under more or less oxidising circumstances. Silicon oxidecoatings (SiOx) may, for example, also be applied by a PECVD process,and may then obtain very good barrier properties under certain coatingconditions and gas recipes. Unfortunately, SiOx coatings show badadhesion properties when laminated by melt extrusion lamination topolyolefins and other adjacent polymer layers, and the laminatedmaterial is exposed to wet or highly humid packaging conditions.Special, expensive adhesives or adhesive polymers are needed to reachand maintain sufficient adhesion in a packaging laminate of the typeintended for liquid carton packaging.

According to this invention, the vapour deposition coating is anamorphous hydrogenated carbon barrier layer applied by a plasma enhancedchemical vapour deposition process, PECVD, a so-called diamond-likecarbon (DLC). DLC defines a class of amorphous carbon material thatdisplays some of the typical properties of diamond. A hydrocarbon gas,such as e.g. acetylene or methane, is used as process gas in the plasmafor producing the coating. As pointed out above, it has now been seenthat such DLC coatings, provide good and sufficient adhesion to adjacentpolymer or adhesive layers in a laminated packaging material under wettesting conditions. Particularly good adhesion compatibility withadjacent laminated polymer layers, i.e. polymer layers which areadherent to or coated onto the DLC barrier coating, has been seen withpolyolefins and in particular polyethylene and polyethylene-basedco-polymers.

The DLC barrier coating thus provides good barrier and integrityproperties to liquid-filled packaging containers made from a packaginglaminate comprising a barrier film or barrier paper having the barriercoating, by contributing with good mechanical properties, good barrierproperties to various substances migrating through such laminatedmaterials in either inward or outward direction from a filled package,as well as by resulting in excellent adhesion to adjacent polymer layersin a laminate. Accordingly, a barrier film from a substrate layer of apolyester or polyamide, having a DLC barrier coating can provide apackaging laminate and a packaging container with oxygen barrierproperties as well as water vapour barrier properties, for long termambient storage, such as for up to 2-6 months, such as for up to 12months. In addition, the DLC barrier coating provides good barrierproperties to various aroma and flavour substances present in the packedfood product, to low-molecular substances possibly appearing in theadjacent layers of materials, and to odours and other gases than oxygen.Moreover, the DLC barrier coating, exhibits good mechanical properties,as coated on a polymer film substrate, when laminated into acarton-based packaging laminate, withstanding lamination and subsequentfold-forming of the packaging laminate and sealing it into filledpackages. Polyester and polyamide films provide excellent substratesurfaces for the initiation and the growth of a DLC coating layer,during the vapour deposition coating process. Favourable conditions inthe coating process result in improved coating quality, and thus thecoating layer may be made thinner and still achieve the desired barrierproperties as well as adhesion and cohesion properties.

The crack-onset strain (COS) for a biaxially oriented PET film, coatedwith a DLC barrier coating, may be higher than 2%, and this can normallyrelate to the oxygen barrier properties of the coating not starting todeteriorate until straining the film above 2%.

DLC coatings further have the advantage of being easy recyclable,without leaving residues in the recycled content that contain elementsor materials that are not naturally existing in nature and oursurrounding environment.

The use of the above described adhesive polymers should normally not benecessary for bonding to the DLC barrier coating of the invention.Sufficient and adequate adhesion to polyolefin layers as adjacent layershave been concluded, at a level of at least 200 N/m, such as at least300 N/m. Adhesion measurements are performed at room temperature with a180° degrees peel force test apparatus (Telemetric Instrument AB), 24 hafter the LDPE lamination. Peeling is performed at the DLC/LDPEinterface, the peel-arm being the barrier film. When needed, distilledwater droplets are added to the peeled interface during peeling toassess the adhesion under wet conditions, i.e. the conditions when thelaminated packaging material has been saturated with migrating moisturethrough the material layers, from the liquid stored in a packagingcontainer made from the laminated material, and/or by storage in a wetor highly humid environment. The given adhesion value is given in N/mand is an average of 6 measurements.

A dry adhesion of more than 200 N/m ensures that the layers do notdelaminate under normal package manufacturing conditions, e.g. whenbending and fold-forming the laminated material. A wet adhesion of thissame level ensures that the layers of the packaging laminate do notdelaminate after filling and package formation, during transport,distribution and storage. The interior bonding polymer layer may becoated directly onto the polymer film substrate having a DLC barrierlayer coated thereon, by using common techniques and machines, e.g.those used for the lamination of an aluminum foil, in particular hotlamination (extrusion) of the polymer layer from a molten polymer ontothe DLC barrier coating. Also, using a pre-made polymer film and bindingit directly to the barrier-coated carrier film by locally melting it,e.g. by applying heat with a hot cylinder or heated roller, is possible.From the above it is apparent that the DLC barrier film can be handledin a similar way to an aluminium foil barrier in the lamination andconversion methods into a laminated packaging material, i.e. by means ofextrusion lamination and extrusion coating. The lamination equipment andmethods do not require any modification, by for example adding specificadhesive polymers or binder/tie layers as may be required by otherplasma coated materials. In addition, the new barrier film including theDLC barrier layer coated thereon can be made as thin as an aluminiumfoil without adversely affecting the barrier properties in the finalfood package.

When manufacturing a laminated packaging material of the invention, ithas been seen that in asymmetric laminate structures having laminatedlayer structures with unequal extensional stiffness properties on thetwo sides of the spacer layer, a problem called moisture induced curlingappears, i.e. the flat material does not stay flat when lying on a flatsurface, but rolls up such that the edges are raised and bent towardseach other above the plane of the flat part of the packaging material. Afurther advantage with planar laminated side panels in a packagingcontainer, is that the grip stiffness will be improved. This is due tothe straight panels being free from initial “imperfection”, i.e.deflection. Naturally, there will be fewer problems when running a flatpackaging material through the filling machines, than a curled andcrooked one.

It has been seen that curling is mainly prevented by matching the paperfacing layers on each side of the spacer layer, to have equal totalextensional stiffness. By doing so, it has surprisingly been seen thatalso the compression strength of the laminate in x-y direction will beincreased. This means for example that folded packaging containers fromthe laminated packaging material may be stacked on top of each otherduring distribution and storage at a higher load than today's marketedliquid food packages.

From this follows, that packages made from such symmetricallydimensioned laminated packaging materials may get an improved packageintegrity, i.e. the package integrity is improved, and the laminatedmaterials are less prone to be damaged and getting cracks in the barrierlayers by mere handling and transport.

If the mechanical properties of the sandwich material are balanced inthis way, the various laminated layers, including the barrier layers,which are protecting the packed food against slowly migrating oxygen andother gases and vapours, will also be more resistant to damages anddelamination, and as a consequence the integrity of the filled andsealed package is improved also from this point of view.

Thus, a further aspect of improving package integrity, is to improve theadhesion between the various layers. Particularly good initial adhesionis obtained between dispersion- or solution-coated barrier coatingshaving hydrophilic functionality such as hydroxyl groups and carboxylicgroups and adjacent layers such as for example polyolefins andpolyethylenes. Also vapour deposited metallised coatings and DLC PECVDcoatings have proved to provide very good adhesion properties toadjacent organic polymer layers and films, such that no extra primer oradhesive must be used between these and their adjacent layers in thelaminated packaging materials.

Nevertheless, it has been shown that, at least regarding metallisedbarrier coating layers, further enhanced adhesion by laminating toadjacent layers of tie polymers or adhesive polymers, surprisingly alsoimproves the oxygen barrier properties of the laminated material evenfurther and to a higher degree than could be imagined.

Additional oxygen barrier properties may be provided by furtherincluding a layer of a polymer acting as barrier to migrating free fattyacids, such as polyamide in the first pre-laminated material to belaminated to the bulk layer. In particular, when a layer comprising amajor portion of polyamide is added on the inner side of a metal barrierlayer, this prevents free fatty acids from the packed food product tomigrate from the food to the metal barrier layer, and thus the barrierproperties of the barrier layer may be kept intact and the adhesion ofthe inside polymer layers (heat seal) to the metal barrier may bemaintained for a longer shelf-life time.

The polyamide barrier layer may comprise 50 weight-% or more of thepolyamide and the remainder ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) orpolyethyleneterephthalate (PET) or a similar polymer compatible with thepolyamide and also providing barrier properties towards free fatty acidmigration, and may be applied at an amount from 3 to 12 g/m², such asfrom 3 to 10 g/m² such as from 3 to 8 g/m², such as from 3 to 6 g/m²,depending on requirements of the food product to filled and the balancewith costs of the materials used.

According to a further embodiment, the polyamide barrier layer comprisesan aromatic or semi-aromatic polyamide polymer. Such polyamides mayprovide better barrier properties towards migrating free fatty acids,why such a combination is particularly advantageous for packaging offruit juices and the like. However, the most common polyamide suitablefor the purpose of cost efficient laminated packaging materials and easymanufacturing of such coextrusion coated laminate structures is PA-6.

Alternatively, the substrate for the barrier coating may be a relativelythin paper having a relatively higher density and Young's modulus thanthe bulk layer and the spacer layer. Such a barrier substrate paper maybe a same paper as a paper facing layer of the sandwich laminatedpackaging material, or an additional such paper of a different naturethan used in the paper facings.

A particularly well functioning such barrier coating substrate paper maybe greaseproof paper or high-density paper having a smoothened andpre-coated surface for subsequent barrier coating, in particular vapourdeposition barrier coating. Of course, such a paper facing layer wouldthen contribute further to the oxygen barrier of the final packaginglaminate.

According to yet a further embodiment, a package that is based onbiological, renewable materials as far as possible, may be obtained.

For example a packaging material can be produced, which hascellulose-based spacer and bulk layers, paper facing layers havingbarrier properties and further comprising very thin, nano-thin, barriercoatings. Moreover, the thermoplastic polymers can be produced fromvegetable or organic material, such as so-called green polyethylene.

In addition, the adhesives or adhesive polymers used in the laminationoperation into the final laminated packaging material may be entirelybio-sourced and used only in very low amounts, which increases therelative proportion of renewable, and also cellulose fibre, content evenfurther.

According to a second aspect of the invention, a laminated packagingmaterial is obtained, as produced by the method of the invention.

According to a third aspect, there is provided a packaging containerfrom the laminated packaging material produced by the method of theinvention.

According to a further embodiment of the laminated packaging materialsobtained, the outermost heat sealable layers of the laminated materialmay be provided as one or two pre-manufactured films. Thus, such a filmmay be pre-laminated to the barrier layer, in a first pre-laminatematerial to be laminated to the first side of the bulk layer, and/orpre-laminated to a printed and decorated outside surface layer to belaminated to the second side of the bulk layer. When films arepre-laminated to barrier layers or printed, decorated layers, it may bedone by means of mere heat-pressure lamination of the films to the otherlayers, especially if a pre-coated or integrated layer of an adhesivepolymer such as EAA or EMAA is present on one of the laminationsurfaces. Alternatively, it may be done by means of melt extrusionlamination, which is probably more expensive due to the higherconsumption of interjacent melt extrusion polymer, or by pre-coatingwith a small amount of an aqueous adhesive that may penetrate into theat least on paper or cellulose-based surface to be laminated, withoutany drying step needed.

Within the general quest of lowering costs of laminated packagingmaterials, it is highly desired to combine properties in the variouslayers such that as few as possible additional layers will be needed.

When the conventional liquid packaging paperboard of today's packaginglaminate is replaced by weaker bulk layers, enabling significant costsavings, some additional costs may instead be spent on varioustailor-made décor substrates for printing and decorating the laminatedpackaging material. Since the bulk layer of the invention will no longerconstitute a print-surface, i.e. a surface to be printed, the expensiveclay-coat may be omitted from the bulk layer, and a smooth and whiteprint surface may be obtained by other means, on the outside printsubstrate facing paper, to be laminated to the outer side of the bulklayer. Such a print substrate may for example be a coloured ormetallised film or a white printable paper facing layer. Alternatively,a white paper for providing the white print background surface may bepre-laminated to a transparent film, which is printed before laminatingon its back-side, i.e. a reverse printed film, such that the printeddécor is directed towards the white paper surface and protected by thetransparent film substrate. Thus, the printing and the lamination to anoutside white, paper facing layer and possibly the further lamination tooutermost heat sealable layers may take place in a prior laminationoperation in order to provide the second pre-laminated material for thesecond side, the outside, of the laminated packaging material.

In order to further provide light barrier properties and whiteness, sucha film or paper may comprise white filler material or in the case ofpaper a clay-coat, also or instead, a metallised layer. In particular,in order to minimize complexity in production and logistics, the sameoutside print substrate, film or thin paper, could be used for multipleend products, by for example having one metallised side and the otherside being white or coloured. For some products and appearances of thepackaging containers, a metallised print surface is preferred, and inother cases a coloured print surface or a brown, natural cellulose printsurface. By detaching the print surface layer from the bulk layer,versatility in possible outside appearances becomes possible and this isa further advantage of the three-part modular lamination model of thisinvention. Even further oxygen barrier layers may be included in thesecond pre-laminated material in order to enhance the total barrierperformance of the final laminated material.

In FIG. 1a , there is thus shown, in cross-section, a first embodimentof a laminated packaging material, 10 a, of the invention. It is inprinciple a laminate composed from three initial modules of materiallayers that contribute to the sandwich structure that substantiallyprovides the laminated material with its mechanical strength propertiesand provides a final packaging container with dimensional stability.Module 1A is a center layer of a bulk material from a spacer layer 11 aof low-density cellulose material, such as a foam-formed fibrouscellulose layer or a layer of a fluting material, or with anycombination of a higher density paper or cellulose-based product with afoamed cellulose or fluting material. In this particular embodiment, afoamed cellulose layer of 150 g/m² is used as spacer layer.

The outside material module 1B comprises a print substrate layer of athin, high-density paper 12 a having a print surface. The paper 12 aalso constitutes a facing layer on the outside of the sandwich structurein interaction with the spacer layer 11 a. In the final laminatedmaterial, the substrate 12 a is printed and decorated with a printpattern from various colours, images and text. The outside materialmodule 1B also comprises an outermost liquid-tight and transparent layer16 a of a plastic, preferably a heat sealable thermoplastic, such as apolyolefin, such as a polyethylene material layer. The print substrateand paper facing layer 12 a may be printed before or after lamination tothe center spacer layer, and the outermost plastic layer 16 a is appliedonto the printed substrate layer in a separate operation before or afterlamination to the spacer layer 11 a. If decor printing coating with theplastic layer 16 a takes place before lamination to the center modulespacer layer, the whole outside material module is thus prepared as onemodule, i.e. as a pre-made outside, which is then laminated to thecenter module or to the rest of the laminate, on the outside of thecenter spacer layer. The lamination operation could be a melt extrusionlamination operation, thus applying an intermediate thermoplasticbonding layer 14 a between the spacer layer and the print substrate andpaper facing layer 12 a. in this particular embodiment, however, thelamination of the print substrate paper facing layer 12 a to the centermodule spacer layer 11 a is carried out by simply applying a low amountof an aqueous solution of an adhesive 14 a that is partly absorbed intothe respective celllulose layers and efficiently adheres the twopaper-cellulose layers together, the adhesive being starch ornano-/micro-fibrillar cellulose or polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl acetat orsimilar natural substances, which are able to bond to cellulosemolecules.

The inside material module 1C, on the other side, the inside, of thespacer layer 11 a, comprises a similar thin and high-density paperfacing layer 13 a, having a barrier coating 18 a applied to it, thepaper facing layer thus interacting in the sandwich structure with thespacer layer 11 a and the outside module paper facing layer 12 a. Theinside material module also comprises an innermost, heat sealablethermoplastic layer 17 a, which is also the layer of the packaginglaminate that will be in direct contact with the filled food product ina final packaging container. The innermost, heat sealable polymer layer17 a may applied onto the paper facing layer by means of melt extrusioncoating, or melt co-extrusion coating of a multilayer polymer structureonto the inside of the paper facing layer 13 a with applied barriercoating 18 a. The barrier coating is in this embodiment coated with abarrier polymer, applied onto the paper surface layer by means ofaqueous dispersion coating in a preceding coating and drying operation.A barrier polymer may alternatively be applied by extrusion coating ontothe thin paper substrate and facing layer. The barrier coated paperfacing layer may alternatively be directed in the laminate such that thebarrier coating 18 a is facing outwards in the packaging laminate,towards the center module and spacer layer 11 a, but in this particularembodiment it is directed inwards, towards the innermost sealing layer.In an alternative embodiment, the paper facing layer 13 a provides somebarrier properties in itself, when laminated between polymer layers,such that it may be uncoated and still provide some barrier propertiesand thus be the barrier layer without any further coating. There areexample of such thin high-density papers having a compact surface, suchas certain greaseproof papers. In addition to the inherent barrierproperties, the greaseproof paper may be coated by a metallisationcoating in order to enhance the barrier properties further. Inparticular, a metallised layer has the advantage of adding some lightbarrier properties to the laminate. The paper facing layer 13 a in thisexample has a surface weight of 40 g/m². The barrier-coated paper 13a-18 a is laminated to the spacer layer 11 a by means of a low amount ofan aqueous adhesive composition 15 a, which is partly absorbed uponpressing the surfaces together in a press roller nip, into at least oneof the surfaces to be adhered to each other.

Also the paper facing layer 12 a in the outside module may be such agreaseproof paper, onto which a print surface is arranged by for examplea thin clay-coat layer or a similar white coating layer (e.g., layer 20d in FIG. 1d ), but is in this example a 70 g/m² high-density Kraftpaper having a white printable surface.

The (co-)extrusion coating of the innermost layer 17 a may be donebefore or after lamination of the inside material module 1C to thecenter module and spacer layer 11 a. The innermost heat sealable layeror multilayer 17 a may alternatively be applied in the form of apre-manufactured film, adding some further stability and durability bybeing a mono- or biaxially oriented film to a higher degree than what isobtained in extrusion coating operations. Again, the inside materialmodule 1C may be pre-laminated as a separate module inside, beforelaminating it to the center module and spacer layer 11 c. in thisparticular embodiment, however, the barrier-coated paper facing layer 13a-18 a is first laminated to the spacer layer 11 a, or the rest of thelaminated material, i.e. module 1A laminated to outside module 1B, andsubsequently melt extrusion coating on the inner side of thebarrier-coated paper layer with the layer or multilayer 17 a of a heatsealable polymer being a polyolefin, being a low density compositioncomprising a blend of a metallocene-catalysed linear low densitypolyethylene (m-LLDPE) and a low density polyethylene (LDPE).

The resulting laminate has a bending stiffness well above 340 mN, whichis what is usually required for Tetra Brik Aseptic® 1000 ml familypackages.

In FIG. 1b , a similar cross-section, of a second embodiment of alaminated packaging material, 10 b, is thus shown. It is also inprinciple a laminate composed from three initial modules of materiallayers that contribute to a sandwich structure that substantiallyprovides the laminated material with its mechanical strength propertiesand provides a final packaging container with dimensional stability.Module 2A is a center layer of a bulk material comprising a spacer layer11 b of cellulose material, but has also paper facing layers 12 b and 13b of thin high-density papers, integrated into the center bulk layer tointeract with the spacer layer 11 b. The paper facing layers 12 b, 13 bmay be pre-laminated to the spacer layer 11 b by the supplier of thespacer layer material, or at a site intended for this purpose. Thelamination of the paper facing layers to the spacer layer is done byapplying a low amount of an aqueous solution of an adhesive, onto one ofthe surfaces to be laminated together, the aqueous adhesive compositionbeing partly absorbed into the respective cellulose layers whileefficiently adhering the two paper-cellulose layers together. Theadhesive is suitably a starch or nano-/micro-fibrillar cellulose orpolyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl acetat or similar natural substance, whichis able to bond to cellulose molecules.

The outside material module 2B comprises a print substrate layer of awhite pre-manufactured polymer film 19 b having a print surface.Alternatively, the print substrate film may have a different colour or ametallised surface intended for printing with a non-white backgroundappearance. In the final laminated material, the substrate 19 b isprinted and decorated with a print pattern from various colours, imagesand text. The outside material module 1B also comprises an outermostliquid-tight and transparent layer 16 b of a plastic, preferably a heatsealable thermoplastic, such as a polyolefin, such as a polyethylenematerial layer. The print substrate 19 b may be printed before or afterlamination to the center module 2A, and the outermost plastic layer 16 bmay be applied onto the printed substrate film in a separate operationbefore or after lamination to the center module 2A or the rest of thelaminate, i.e. modules 2A with module 2C. If coating of the decorprinted film 19 b, with the plastic outside layer 16 b takes placebefore lamination to the center module 2A, the whole outside materialmodule is thus prepared as one module, i.e. as a pre-made outside. Thelamination operation is a melt extrusion lamination operation, thusapplying an intermediate thermoplastic bonding layer 14 b between thebulk material layer and center module 2A and the print substrate film 19b. The lamination operation may alternatively be carried out by applyinga low amount of an aqueous solution of an adhesive that is partlyabsorbed into the paper facing layer 12 b, i.e. the outer side of thecenter module 2A, and efficiently adheres it to the print substratepolymer film 19 b.

The inside material module 2C, on the other side, the inside, of thecenter module 2A, comprises a barrier film 18 b, being a polymersubstrate film with a barrier coating applied onto a side. The insidematerial module also comprises an innermost, heat sealable thermoplasticlayer 17 b, which is also the layer of the packaging laminate that willbe in direct contact with the filled food product in a final packagingcontainer. The innermost, heat sealable polymer layer 17 b may appliedonto the barrier film by means of melt extrusion coating, or meltco-extrusion coating of a multilayer polymer structure onto the insideof the barrier film 18 b. The barrier coating is in this embodimentprovided with a vapour deposition barrier coating, applied onto thepolymer film substrate by means of vapour deposition coating in apreceding vapour deposition operation. The barrier coating is in thisembodiment a metallisation coating applied by means of physical vapourdeposition, however not shown in the figure. The barrier coated film mayalternatively be directed in the laminate such that the barrier coatingis facing outwards in the packaging laminate, towards the center moduleand paper facing layer 13 b, but in this particular embodiment it isdirected inwards, towards the innermost sealing layer. The(co-)extrusion coating of the innermost layer 17 b may be done before orafter lamination of the inside material module 2C to the center module2A. The barrier-coated film 18 b is laminated to the spacer layer 11 bby means of a low amount of an aqueous adhesive composition 15 b, whichis partly absorbed into at least one of the surfaces to be adhered toeach other, without forced drying, upon pressing the surfaces togetherin a press roller nip.

The innermost heat sealable layer or multilayer 17 b may alternativelybe applied in the form of a pre-manufactured film, adding some furtherstability and durability by being an oriented film to a higher degreethan what is obtained in extrusion coating operations. Again, the insidematerial module 2C may be pre-laminated as a separate module inside,before laminating it to the center module 2A. In this particularembodiment, however, the barrier-coated film 18 b is first laminated tothe bulk material, or the rest of the laminated material, i.e. modules2A laminated to outside module 2B, and subsequently melt extrusioncoating on the inner side of the barrier-coated film with the layer ormultilayer 17 b of a heat sealable polymer being a polyolefin, being alow density composition comprising a blend of a metallocene-catalysedlinear low density polyethylene (m-LLDPE) and a low density polyethylene(LDPE).

FIG. 1c shows a cross-section, of a third embodiment of a laminatedpackaging material, 10 c. It is also in principle a laminate composedfrom three initial modules of material layers that contribute to asandwich structure that substantially provides the laminated materialwith its mechanical strength properties and provides a final packagingcontainer with dimensional stability. Module 3A is a center layer of abulk material comprising a spacer layer 11 c of low-density cellulosematerial, but has also one paper facing layers 13 c of thin high-densitypaper, integrated into the center bulk layer on the inside, in order tointeract with the spacer layer 11 c. The paper facing layer 13 c may bepre-laminated to the spacer layer 11 c by the supplier of the spacerlayer material, or at a site intended for this purpose. The laminationof the paper facing layer to the spacer layer is done by applying a lowamount of an aqueous solution of an adhesive, onto one of the surfacesto be laminated together, the aqueous adhesive composition being partlyabsorbed into the respective celllulose layers while efficientlyadhering the two paper-cellulose layers together. The adhesive issuitably a starch or nano-/micro-fibrillar cellulose or polyvinylalcohol/polyvinyl acetat or similar natural substance, which is able tobond to cellulose molecules.

The outside material module 3B comprises a print substrate layer of athin, high-density paper 12 c having a print surface. The paper 12 calso constitutes a facing layer on the outside of the sandwich structurein interaction with the spacer layer 11 c. In the final laminatedmaterial, the substrate 12 c is printed and decorated with a printpattern from various colours, images and text. The outside materialmodule 3B also comprises an outermost liquid-tight and transparent layer16 c of a plastic, preferably a heat sealable thermoplastic, such as apolyolefin, such as a polyethylene material layer. The print substrateand paper facing layer 12 c may be printed before or after lamination tothe center spacer layer, and the outermost plastic layer 16 c is appliedonto the printed substrate layer in a separate operation before or afterlamination to the spacer layer 11 c. If decor printing coating with theplastic layer 16 c takes place before lamination to the center modulespacer layer, the whole outside material module is thus prepared as onemodule, i.e. as a pre-made outside, which is then laminated to thecenter module or to the rest of the laminate, on the outside of thecenter spacer layer. The lamination operation could be a melt extrusionlamination operation, thus applying an intermediate thermoplasticbonding layer 14 c between the spacer layer and the print substrate andpaper facing layer 12 c. In this particular embodiment, however, thelamination of the print substrate paper facing layer 12 c to the centermodule spacer layer 11 c is carried out by applying a low amount of anaqueous solution of an adhesive that is partly absorbed into therespective celllulose layers and efficiently adheres the twopaper-cellulose layers together, the adhesive being starch ornano-/micro-fibrillar cellulose or polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl acetat orsimilar natural, biodegradable substances, which are able to bond tocellulose molecules.

The inside material module 3C, on the other side, the inside, of thecenter module 3A, comprises a barrier film 18 c, being a polymersubstrate film 18 c 1 with a barrier coating 18 c 2 applied onto a side.The inside material module also comprises an innermost, heat sealablethermoplastic layer 17 c, which is also the layer of the packaginglaminate that will be in direct contact with the filled food product ina final packaging container. The innermost, heat sealable polymer layer17 c may applied onto the barrier film by means of melt extrusioncoating, or melt co-extrusion coating of a multilayer polymer structureonto the inside of the barrier film 18 c. The barrier coating is in thisembodiment provided with a vapour deposition barrier coating 18 c 2,applied onto the polymer film substrate by means of vapour depositioncoating in a preceding vapour deposition operation. The barrier coatingis in this embodiment a diamond-like carbon coating (DLC), applied bymeans of plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), and whichprovides the barrier film with i.a. oxygen and water vapour barrierproperties. Alternatively, the vapour deposition coating may be ametallisation coating applied by means of physical vapour deposition. Inthis particular embodiment the barrier coated side of the barrier filmis directed inwards, towards the the innermost sealing layer. The(co-)extrusion coating of the innermost layer 17 c may be done before orafter lamination of the inside material module 3C to the center module3A. The innermost heat sealable layer or multilayer 17 c mayalternatively be applied in the form of a pre-manufactured film, addingsome further stability and durability by being a mono- or biaxiallyoriented film to a higher degree than what is obtained in extrusioncoating operations. Again, the inside material module 3C may bepre-laminated as a separate module inside, before laminating it to thecenter module 3A. In this particular embodiment, however, thebarrier-coated film 18 c is first laminated to the bulk material, or therest of the laminated material, i.e. modules 3A laminated to outsidemodule 3B, and subsequently melt extrusion coated on the inner side ofthe barrier-coated film with the layer or multilayer 17 c of a heatsealable polymer being a polyolefin, being a low density compositioncomprising a blend of a metallocene-catalysed linear low densitypolyethylene (m-LLDPE) and a low density polyethylene (LDPE). Thebarrier-coated film 18 c is laminated to the spacer layer 11 c by meansof melt extrusion laminating with an intermediate thermoplastic bondingpolymer of polyethylene 15 c.

FIG. 1d shows a cross-section, of a fourth embodiment of a laminatedpackaging material, 10 d. It is also in principle a laminate composedfrom three initial modules of material layers that contribute to asandwich structure that substantially provides the laminated materialwith its mechanical strength properties and provides a final packagingcontainer with dimensional stability. Module 4A is a center layer of abulk material comprising a spacer layer 11 d of low-density cellulosematerial, but has also one paper facing layers 13 d of thin high-densitypaper, integrated into the center bulk layer on the inside, in order tointeract with the spacer layer 11 d. The paper facing layers 13 d may bepre-laminated to the spacer layer 11 d by the supplier of the spacerlayer material, or at a site intended for this purpose.

The outside material module 4B comprises a print substrate layer of athin, high-density paper 12 d having a print surface. The paper 12 dalso constitutes a facing layer on the outside of the sandwich structurein interaction with the spacer layer 11 d. In the final laminatedmaterial, the substrate 12 d is printed and decorated with a printpattern 21 d from various colours, images and text. The outside materialmodule 4B also comprises an outermost liquid-tight and transparent layer16 d of a plastic, preferably a heat sealable thermoplastic, such as apolyolefin, such as a polyethylene material layer. The print substrateand paper facing layer 12 d may be printed before or after lamination tothe center spacer layer, and the outermost plastic layer 16 d is appliedonto the printed substrate layer in a separate operation before or afterlamination to the spacer layer 11 d. If decor printing coating with theplastic layer 16 d takes place before lamination to the center modulespacer layer, the whole outside material module is thus prepared as onemodule, i.e. as a pre-made outside, which is then laminated to thecenter module or to the rest of the laminate, on the outside of thecenter spacer layer. The lamination operation could be a melt extrusionlamination operation, thus applying an intermediate thermoplasticbonding layer 14 d between the spacer layer and the print substrate andpaper facing layer 12 d. In this particular embodiment, however, thelamination of the print substrate paper facing layer 12 d to the centermodule spacer layer 11 d is carried out by applying a low amount of anaqueous solution of an adhesive that is partly absorbed into therespective celllulose layers and efficiently adheres the twopaper-cellulose layers together, the adhesive being starch ornano-/micro-fibrillar cellulose or polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl acetat orsimilar natural, biodegradable substances, which are able to bond tocellulose molecules.

The inside material module 4C, on the other side, the inside, of thecenter module 4A, comprises a barrier film 18 d, being a polymersubstrate film 18 d 1 with a barrier coating 18 d 2 applied onto a side.The inside material module also comprises an innermost, heat sealablethermoplastic layer 17 d, which is also the layer of the packaginglaminate that will be in direct contact with the filled food product ina final packaging container. The innermost, heat sealable polymer layer17 d may applied onto the barrier film by means of melt extrusioncoating, or melt co-extrusion coating of a multilayer polymer structureonto the inside of the barrier film 18 d. The barrier coating is in thisembodiment provided with a vapour deposition barrier coating 18 d 2,applied onto the polymer film substrate by means of vapour depositioncoating in a preceding vapour deposition operation. The barrier coatingis in this embodiment a diamond-like carbon coating (DLC), applied bymeans of plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), and whichprovides the barrier film with i.a. oxygen and water vapour barrierproperties. Alternatively, the vapour deposition coating may be ametallisation coating applied by means of physical vapour deposition.The barrier coated film is according to this embodiment directed in thelaminate such that the barrier coating is facing outwards in thepackaging laminate, towards the center module and paper facing layer 13d. The (co-)extrusion coating of the innermost layer 17 d may be donebefore or after lamination of the inside material module 4C to thecenter module 4A. The innermost heat sealable layer or multilayer 17 dmay alternatively be applied in the form of a pre-manufactured film,adding some further stability and durability by being a mono- orbiaxially oriented film to a higher degree than what is obtained inextrusion coating operations. Again, the inside material module 4C maybe pre-laminated as a separate module inside, before laminating it tothe center module 4A. In this particular embodiment, however, thebarrier-coated film 18 d is first laminated to the bulk material, or therest of the laminated material, i.e. modules 4A laminated to outsidemodule 4B, and subsequently melt extrusion coated on the inner side ofthe barrier-coated film with the layer or multilayer 17 d of a heatsealable polymer being a polyolefin, being a low density compositioncomprising a blend of a metallocene-catalysed linear low densitypolyethylene (m-LLDPE) and a low density polyethylene (LDPE).

The barrier-coated film 18 d is laminated to the spacer layer 11 d bymeans of a low amount of an aqueous adhesive composition 15 d, which ispartly absorbed into at least one of the surfaces to be adhered to eachother, without forced drying, upon pressing the surfaces together in apress roller nip.

In the laminated packaging materials, the thin, high-density paperfacing layer of the outside material module may thus be a paper with agrammage from 20 to 100, such as from 30 to 80, such as from 30 to 60g/m², and having a density from 600 to 1500 kg/m³. In particularembodiments, the paper facing layer may be a greaseproof paper, alone orcoated with a further barrier coating, such as for example ametallisation coating. Some greaseproof papers provide gas barrier oflower than 2 cc/m2/day/atm at 23° C. and 50% RH, when laminated betweenplastic layers, such as polyethylene laminate layers.

In FIG. 2a it is schematically illustrated how one module may belaminated to another module by cold (ambient), i.e. without heat dryingor curing, aqueous adhesive absorption lamination, such that a very lowamount of an aqueous adhesive solution is applied onto one of thesurfaces to be laminated to each other, the queous adhesive solutionthen being absorbed into one or both of the two surfaces while adheringthem together under the application of pressure. Thus, in theembodiments for manufacturing the laminated packaging materials in FIGS.1a-1d , an aqueous adhesive solution is applied onto the surface to belaminated, of the outside material module 1B;2B;3B;4B, i.e. thenon-print surface of the print substrate layer 12 a;19 b;12 c;12 d, inan adhesive application operation 21. At a lamination nip between twonip rollers, a web of the center module material 1A;2A;3A;4A islaminated 22 to a web of the outside module material 1B;2B;3B;4B undersimultaneous forwarding of the two webs through the lamination nip, at apressure sufficiently high for adhering the two surfaces together, butnot so high that the low density spacer layer of the sandwich structureis collapsed. The obtained web of the intermediate pre-laminate of twomodules 1A+16;2A+26;3A+36;4A+4B is forwarded to a further laminationstation for lamination to the third module or parts of it as will bedescribed herein below in FIG. 2b , or alternatively wound up onto areel for intermediate storage or transport to a different time or place,where the final lamination and finishing steps will take place. The coldaqueous adhesive absorption lamination method may also or alternativelybe applied when laminating the inside material module to the centermodule material.

In FIG. 2b it is schematically illustrated how one module may belaminated to another module by melt extrusion lamination such that thetwo surfaces to be laminated are bonded to each other by an intermediatethermoplastic bonding layer. According to this example, the web of thepre-laminate of the two modules laminated in the example of FIG. 2a isforwarded to a lamination nip at the same time as a web of the insidematerial module 1C;2C;3C;4C. At the same time, a molten curtain of athermoplastic bonding polymer 23; 15 a;15 b;15 c;15 d is extruded downinto the lamination roller nip, and being cooled while pressing the twowebs together, such that sufficient adhesion is obtained between thecellulose-based center module, i.e. the surface of the spacer layer 11 aor the surface of the integrated paper facing layer 13 b;13 c;13 d andthe barrier layer 13 a; 18 b or barrier film 18 c;18 d of the insidematerial module.

FIG. 3a shows an embodiment of a packaging container 30 a produced fromthe packaging laminate 10 a;10 b;10 c;10 d according to the invention.The packaging container is particularly suitable for beverages, sauces,soups or the like. Typically, such a package has a volume from about 100to 1000 ml. It may be of any configuration, but is preferablybrick-shaped, having longitudinal and transversal seals 31 a and 32 a,respectively, and optionally an opening device 33. In anotherembodiment, not shown, the packaging container may be shaped as a wedge.In order to obtain such a “wedge-shape”, only the bottom part of thepackage is fold formed such that the transversal heat seal of the bottomis hidden under the triangular corner flaps, which are folded and sealedagainst the bottom of the package. The top section transversal seal isleft unfolded. In this way the half-folded packaging container is stillis easy to handle and dimensionally stable when put on a shelf in thefood store or on a table or the like.

FIG. 3b shows an alternative, preferred example of a packaging container30 b produced from an alternative packaging laminate according to theinvention. The alternative packaging laminate is thinner by having athinner cellulose bulk layer 11, and thus it is not dimensionally stableenough to form a cuboid, parallellepipedic or wedge-shaped packagingcontainer, and is not fold formed after transversal sealing 32 b. Itwill thus remain a pillow-shaped pouch-like container and be distributedand sold in this form. The container has a longitudinal seal 31 b.

FIG. 3c shows a gable top package 30 c, which is fold-formed from apre-cut sheet or blank, from the laminated packaging material comprisinga bulk layer of paperboard and the durable barrier film of theinvention. Also flat top packages may be formed from similar blanks ofmaterial.

FIG. 3d shows a bottle-like package 30 d, which is a combination of asleeve 34 formed from a pre-cut blanks of the laminated packagingmaterial of the invention, and a top 35, which is formed by injectionmoulding plastics in combination with an opening device such as a screwcork or the like. This type of packages are for example marketed underthe trade names of Tetra Top® and Tetra Evero®. Those particularpackages are formed by attaching the moulded top 35 with an openingdevice attached in a closed position, to a tubular sleeve 34 of thelaminated packaging material, sterilizing the thus formed bottle-topcapsule, filling it with the food product and finally fold-forming thebottom of the package and sealing it.

FIG. 4 shows the principle as described in the introduction of thepresent application, i.e. a web of packaging material is formed into atube 41 by the longitudinal edges 42, 42′ of the web being united to oneanother in an overlap joint 43. The tube is filled 44 with the intendedliquid food product and is divided into individual packages by repeatedtransversal seals 45 of the tube at a pre-determined distance from oneanother below the level of the filled contents in the tube. The packages46 are separated by incisions in the transversal seals and are given thedesired geometric configuration by fold formation along prepared creaselines in the material.

FIG. 5 shows the importance of having symmetry around a spacer layer,for obtaining suffient compression strength of packaging containers madefrom the laminated material such that the packages may be stacked on topof each other during storage and distribution on pallets, without thecorners being flattened and the packages broken or distorted from theirinitial cuboid shape, so-called “buckling”. In packaging materialcompression tests, it was shown that by using a thin paper facing layerof 70 g/m², on each side of a foamed cellulose layer of 600 umthickness, the packaging material compression strength was even improvedwith about 10% in comparison to today's conventional, high stiffnesspaperboard-aluminium foil packaging laminates, whereas any non-symmetricstructure involving aluminium foil on the inside of the spacer layer anda thin paper facing layer on the outside, will have a significantlyreduced package compression strength. In the sample laminates differentspacer layers of foamed cellulose were used, from different standardfibre types “150 ST”, and different thicknesses (400, 600, 900 μm),between a 70 g/m² paper facing layer and a 6.3 μm aluminium foil. Thereference used a conventional 270 mN liquid paperboard as the bulk layerlaminated to the same aluminium foil, but only having a polymer layerlaminated to the outside of the bulk layer.

The packaging material compression strength was measured according toScan-P 46:83.

FIG. 6 shows the importance of having symmetry around a spacer layer,for avoiding that the laminated packaging material exhibits curling whenthe relative moisture content in the material increases from 50% RH to90% RH, such as may be the case during long-term storage ofliquid-filled packages in some environments. The diagram thus shows theincrease or decrease of curling, at moisture increase. Curling at higherrelative moisture content in laminated packaging materials based onpaper or paperboard bulk layers are believed contribute significantly toproblems of loss of dimension stability of packaging containers madefrom the material, such as bulging phenomena around folded corners andedges of the laminated carton material. Among the non-symmetric laminatestructures, there were sandwich structures having a thin paper facinglayer on one side, and a relatively stiff but very thin aluminium foilor polymer film on the other side, and it can be seen that it is almostimpossible to avoid that the laminated material curls. Also a referencematerial (sample 4131) having a conventional paperboard and a barrierlayer of aluminium foil exhibits significant curling in the crossdirection of the laminate under humid circumstances. When laminatingaccording to the invention, on the other hand, such that a bulk layerhas a thin paper on each side, it is clear that the problem regardingincrease of curling at increasing moisture content as good as disappearsin the cross direction and is insignificant in the machine direction. Itis believed that it is best that the main facing layer on each side of alow-density spacer layer is a cellulose-or paperbased layer, which ishygroscopic and absorbs equal or at least similar amounts of moisture atan increase of relative moisture RH in the laminated packaging material.In the samples 4180 and 4182, there is a high-density paper facing layerof 70 g/m² on each side of the spacer layer.

Having two opposite facing materials that expand similarly when exposedto an increased relative humidity, RH, will therefore provide a robustpackaging material and package that is insensitive to variations inclimate during storage and transportation.

The sandwich packaging material variants were evaluated for moisturecurl test by first conditioning the variants at 50, 70 and 90% RH for atleast 48 h. The tests were performed using a vernier calliper and ametal plate. The metal plate was placed 10 cm from sample edge (in CD orMD) and the height between table and sample edge was measured. A minussign indicated a curl towards inside/foil, otherwise the curl wastowards outside/decor.

FIG. 7 illustrates similarly how the bending stiffness of a laminatedpackaging material increases with the incorporation of at least onepaper facing layer on a side of a low-stiffness bulk paperboard or alow-density cellulose-based spacer layer.

The laminated samples tested for bending stiffness were:

1: an 80 mN stiff paperboard for small packages

2: the paperboard of 1, laminated with a 6.3 μm thick aluminium foil

3: the paperboard of 1, laminated with a greaseproof paper of 40 g/m²greaseproof paper

4: a bulk layer of 165 g/m² fluting material laminated with a 72 g/m²paper on one side and with a 6.3 μm thick aluminium foil on the otherside

5: a bulk layer of 165 g/m² fluting material laminate with a 72 g/m²paper on one side and with a greaseproof paper of 40 g/m² greaseproofpaper on its other side.

FIG. 8 illustrates the resulting thickness reduction after laminating abulk having a spacer layer of a foamed cellulose. For example the ID “FC300 2×” means that a foamed cellulose of density 300 kg/m³ was laminatedwith a nip load twice as large as the reference nip load. Generally, itcan be seen that the remaining thickness of foamed cellulose issubstantially higher compared to the laminate variant with foamedpolymer materials of similar light-weight.

It was also concluded that lamination by extrusion coating works wellwith cellulose foam having a density of 300 kg/m3 or higher. Normally,bulk or spacer layers with low density materials are more sensitive tolamination heat and pressure, and show higher reduction of the thicknessof the foam material.

Furthermore, while the thickness reduction of a polymer foam ispermanent, due to melting and re-shaping of the heated polymer foamcells, there is a spring-back effect in the foamed cellulose spacerlayer, such that the thickness reduction during lamination is reversedto a final thickness which is only reduced by about 10-15% in thereference nip at densities around 300-400 kg/m3. The higher the densityof a cellulose foam, the better this spring-back effect, orz-directional, ZD, compression strength, will be. It was thus concludedthat foamed cellulose is a material that, unlike other light-weightmaterials, will work for lamination into laminated packaging materialshaving sufficient bending stiffness and mechanical stability in order toform dimension stable fold-formed packages for liquid food packaging,despite the very low density of such a spacer material.

It can thus be seen that a bulk layer having low bending stiffness canbe more properly supported by a paper facing layer on at least one side,and clearly best with such a paper facing layer on each side of the bulklayer. The bending stiffness of the samples was measured by Lorentzen &Wettre according to ISO2493-1.

We have accordingly seen that the new laminated packaging material ofthe invention, also enables the providing of packaging containers withgood integrity properties also under wet conditions, i.e. for thepackaging of liquid or wet food products with long shelf life.

Generally, the grammages mentioned in the above and followingdescription are as measured by SCAN P 6:75. The material densities andlayer thicknesses were measured as by ISO 534:1988.

The invention is not limited by the embodiments shown and describedabove, but may be varied within the scope of the claims. As a generalremark, the proportions between thicknesses of layers, distances betweenlayers and the size of other features and their relative size incomparison with each other, should not be taken to be as shown in thefigures, which are merely illustrating the order and type of layers inrelation to each other all other features to be understood as describedin the text specification.

What is claimed is:
 1. Method of manufacturing a laminatedcellulose-based liquid or semi-liquid food packaging material, for heatsealing into packaging containers having mechanical strength and barrierproperties, the method comprising a) providing a web of a center moduleof bulk material comprising a cellulose spacer layer which has a densitybelow 850 kg/m³, a grammage from 60 to 250 g/m², and is a containerboardmaterial having a Short Compression Test Index value of at least 30 Nm/gin the machine direction, as determined in accordance with ISO 9895 andISO 536, the web of the center module of bulk material also comprising afirst paper facing layer on an inside of the spacer layer, the inside ofthe spacer layer being that side which is to be directed to an inside ofthe packaging container made from the laminated packaging material, b)providing a web of an outside material module, comprising a second paperfacing layer having a surface directed towards an outer side of theoutside material module, the outside material module being intended forthat side of the center module of bulk material which is to be directedto an outside of the packaging container made from the laminatedpackaging material, c) laminating an outside of the web of the centermodule of bulk material and the web of the outside material module toeach other, d) adding print to the outside material module, e) providinga web of an inside material module intended for that side of the centermodule of bulk material which is to be directed to the inside of thepackaging container made from the laminated packaging material, the webof the inside material module comprising a polymer substrate film and abarrier coating applied to the polymer substrate film, f) laminating theweb of the inside material module and an inside of the web of the centermodule of bulk material to each other, g) applying an outermost,transparent and liquid-tight protective layer on an outside of theoutside material module, h) applying an outermost thermoplastic,liquid-tight and heat sealable layer on an inside of the inside materialmodule, i) thus obtaining a web of a laminated cellulose-based liquid-or semi-liquid food packaging material, wherein the spacer layerconstitutes a center of a sandwich structure within the laminatedpackaging material, the sandwich structure having the second paperfacing layer of the web of the outside material module arranged on oneside of the spacer layer and interacting with the first paper facinglayer of the web of the center module of bulk material arranged on another side of the spacer layer, the second paper facing layer of the webof the outside material module and the first paper facing layer of theweb of the center module of bulk material having lower thickness and ahigher Young's modulus than the spacer layer.
 2. Method as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the first paper facing layer is directly adjacent thespacer layer.
 3. Method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first paperfacing layer of the center module of bulk material has a grammage from20 to 100 g/m², a density from 600 to 1500 kg/m³ and a Young's modulusfrom 1 to 10 GPa.
 4. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymersubstrate film is laminated to an inside surface of the web of thecenter module of bulk material by an intermediate bonding layer oradhesive.
 5. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the surface of thesecond paper facing layer of the web of the outside material module is aprintable surface to which the print is added, and the printable surfaceis a white paper surface or a metallised film or metallised papersurface.
 6. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the web of the outsidematerial module is laminated to the web of the center module of bulkmaterial by applying an aqueous adhesive composition at an amount from0.5 to 4 g/m² to one of the surfaces to be laminated to each other andpressing them together.
 7. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the webof the inside material module is laminated to the web of the centermodule of bulk material by applying an aqueous adhesive composition atan amount from 0.5 to 4 g/m² to one of the surfaces to be laminated toeach other and pressing them together.
 8. Laminated packaging materialobtained by the method as claimed in claim
 1. 9. Packaging containercomprising the laminated packaging material obtained by the method asclaimed in claim
 1. 10. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein thebarrier coating is a liquid-film coated barrier comprising a polymerselected from the group consisting of vinyl alcohol-based polymers,acrylic acid or methacrylic acid based polymers (PAA, PMAA),polysaccharides, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), nanocrystalline cellulose(NCC), chitosan or other cellulose derivatives, hemicelluloses, waterdispersible polyvinylidenechloride (PVDC) or water dispersiblepolyesters, or combinations of two or more thereof.
 11. Method asclaimed in claim 10, wherein the liquid-film coated barrier is polyvinylalcohol (PVOH) or water dispersible ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer(EVOH).
 12. Method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the liquid-filmcoated barrier is a starch or starch derivative.
 13. Method as claimedin claim 1, wherein the barrier coating is applied by physical vapourdeposition or chemical vapour deposition onto a surface of the polymersubstrate film.
 14. Method of manufacturing a laminated cellulose-basedliquid or semi-liquid food packaging material, for heat sealing intopackaging containers having mechanical strength and barrier properties,the method comprising a) providing a web of a center module of bulkmaterial comprising a cellulose spacer layer which has a density below850 kg/m³, a grammage from 60 to 250 g/m², and is a containerboardmaterial having a Short Compression Test Index value of at least 30 Nm/gin the machine direction, as determined in accordance with ISO 9895 andISO 536, the web of the center module of bulk material also comprising afirst paper facing layer on an inside of the spacer layer, the inside ofthe spacer layer being that side which is to be directed to an inside ofthe packaging container made from the laminated packaging material, b)providing a web of an outside material module, comprising a second paperfacing layer having a surface directed towards an outer side of theoutside material module, the outside material module being intended forthat side of the center module of bulk material which is to be directedto an outside of the packaging container made from the laminatedpackaging material, c) laminating an outside of the web of the centermodule of bulk material and the web of the outside material module toeach other by applying an aqueous adhesive composition at an amount from0.5 g/m² to 4 g/m² to a surface of the web of the center module of bulkmaterial or the web of the outside material module and then pressing theweb of the center module of bulk material and the web of the outsidematerial module together, d) adding print to the outside materialmodule, e) providing a web of an inside material module intended forthat side of the center module of bulk material which is to be directedto the inside of the packaging container made from the laminatedpackaging material, the web of the inside material module comprising apolymer substrate film and a barrier coating applied to the polymersubstrate film, f) laminating the web of the inside material module andan inside of the web of the center module of bulk material to each otherby applying an aqueous adhesive composition at an amount from 0.5 g/m²to 4 g/m² to a surface of the web of the center module of bulk materialor the web of the inside material module and then pressing the web ofthe center module of bulk material and the web of the inside materialmodule together, g) applying an outermost, transparent and liquid-tightprotective layer on an outside of the outside material module, h)applying an outermost thermoplastic, liquid-tight and heat sealablelayer on an inside of the inside material module, i) thus obtaining aweb of a laminated cellulose-based liquid- or semi-liquid food packagingmaterial in which the cellulose spacer layer constitutes a center of asandwich structure within the laminated packaging material, the sandwichstructure having at least the first paper facing layer arranged on oneside of the spacer layer and interacting with the second paper facinglayer arranged on an other side of the spacer layer, the first paperfacing layer and the second paper facing layer having lower thicknessand a higher Young's modulus than the spacer layer.
 15. Method asclaimed in claim 14, wherein the first paper facing layer is directlyadjacent the spacer layer.
 16. Method as claimed in claim 14, whereinthe first paper facing layer of the center module of bulk material has agrammage from 20 to 100 g/m², a density from 600 to 1500 kg/m³ and aYoung's modulus from 1 to 10 GPa.
 17. Method as claimed in claim 14,wherein the polymer substrate film is laminated to an inside surface ofthe web of the center module of bulk material by an intermediate bondinglayer or adhesive.
 18. Method as claimed in claim 14, wherein thesurface of the second paper facing layer of the web of the outsidematerial module is a printable surface to which the print is added, andthe printable surface is a white paper surface or a metallised film ormetallised paper surface.
 19. Method as claimed in claim 14, wherein theadding of the print occurs after the laminating of the outside of theweb of the center module of bulk material and the web of the outsidematerial module to each other.
 20. Method of manufacturing a laminatedcellulose-based liquid or semi-liquid food packaging material, for heatsealing into packaging containers having mechanical strength and barrierproperties, the method comprising a) providing a web of a center moduleof bulk material comprising a cellulose spacer layer which has a densitybelow 850 kg/m³, a grammage from 60 to 250 g/m², and is a containerboardmaterial having a Short Compression Test Index value of at least 30 Nm/gin the machine direction, as determined in accordance with ISO 9895 andISO 536, b) providing a web of an outside material module, comprising aprint substrate layer having a surface directed towards an outer side ofthe outside material module, the outside material module being intendedfor that side of the center module of bulk material which is to bedirected to an outside of the packaging container made from thelaminated packaging material, c) laminating an outside of the web of thecenter module of bulk material and the web of the outside materialmodule to each other, d) adding print to the outside material module toproduce a print pattern, e) providing a web of an inside material moduleintended for that side of the center module of bulk material which is tobe directed to an inside of the packaging container made from thelaminated packaging material, the web of the inside material modulecomprising a polymer substrate film and a barrier coating applied to thepolymer substrate film, f) laminating the web of the inside materialmodule and an inside of the web of the center module of bulk material toeach other, g) applying an outermost, transparent and liquid-tightprotective layer on an outside of the outside material module, h)applying an outermost thermoplastic, liquid-tight and heat sealablelayer on an inside of the inside material module, i) thus obtaining aweb of a laminated cellulose-based liquid- or semi-liquid food packagingmaterial in which the spacer layer constitutes a center of a sandwichstructure within the laminated packaging material, the sandwichstructure having a paper facing layer arranged on one side of the spacerlayer between the print pattern and the spacer layer and also having thepolymer substrate film with the applied barrier coating arranged on another side of the spacer layer, the paper facing layer having lowerthickness and a higher Young's modulus than the spacer layer.
 21. Methodas claimed in claim 20, wherein the paper facing layer is one paperfacing layer, the web of the center module of bulk material alsocomprising an other paper facing layer on an inside of the spacer layerbefore the laminating of the outside of the web of the center module ofbulk material and the web of the outside material module to each other.22. Method of manufacturing a laminated cellulose-based liquid orsemi-liquid food packaging material, for heat sealing into packagingcontainers having mechanical strength and barrier properties, the methodcomprising a) providing a web of a center module of bulk materialcomprising a cellulose spacer layer which has a density below 850 kg/m³,a grammage from 60 to 250 g/m², and is a containerboard material havinga Short Compression Test Index value of at least 30 Nm/g in the machinedirection, as determined in accordance with ISO 9895 and ISO 536, theweb of the center module of bulk material also comprising a first paperfacing layer on an inside of the spacer layer, the inside of the spacerlayer being that side which is to be directed to an inside of thepackaging container made from the laminated packaging material, the webof the center module of bulk material also comprising a second paperfacing layer on an outside of the spacer layer, the outside of thespacer layer being that side which is to be directed to an outside ofthe packaging container made from the laminated packaging material, b)providing a web of an outside material module, comprising a printsubstrate layer having a surface directed towards an outer side of theoutside material module, the outside material module being intended forthat side of the center module of bulk material, which is to be directedto the outside of the packaging container made from the laminatedpackaging material, c) laminating an outside of the web of the centermodule of bulk material and the web of the outside material module toeach other, d) adding print to the surface of the print substrate layer,e) providing a web of an inside material module comprising a polymersubstrate film with an applied barrier coating, the inside materialmodule being intended for that side of the center module of bulkmaterial which is to be directed to an inside of the packaging containermade from the laminated packaging material, f) laminating the web of theinside material module and an inside of the web of the center module ofbulk material to each other, g) applying an outermost, transparent andliquid-tight protective layer on an outside of the outside materialmodule, h) applying an outermost thermoplastic, liquid-tight and heatsealable layer on an inside of the inside material module, i) thusobtaining a web of a laminated cellulose-based liquid- or semi-liquidfood packaging material in which the spacer layer constitutes a centerof a sandwich structure within the laminated packaging material, thesandwich structure having the first paper facing layer arranged on oneside of the spacer layer and interacting with the second paper facinglayer arranged on an other side of the spacer layer, the first andsecond paper facing layers having lower thickness and a higher Young'smodulus than the spacer layer.